如何用英语介绍赵州桥

Zhaozhou Bridge
The Zhaozhou Bridge (traditional Chinese: 赵州桥; simplified Chinese: 赵州桥; pinyin: Zhàozhōu Qiáo) is the worlds oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge.[1] Credited to a craftsman named Li Chun, the bridge was constructed in the years 595-605 during the Sui Dynasty. Located in the southern part of Hebei Province, it is the oldest standing bridge in China, although the Chinese had built bridges over waterways since the ancient Zhou Dynasty.
Name and location
The Zhaozhou Bridge is also known as the Safe Crossing Bridge (traditional Chinese: 安济桥; simplified Chinese: 安济桥; pinyin: An Ji Qiáo, englished as the Anji Bridge) and the Great Stone Bridge (Chinese: 大石桥; pinyin: Dà Shí Qiáo). It crosses the Xiao River (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: 洨河; pinyin: Xiào Hé, Jiao He) in Zhao County, approximately 40 km southeast of the provincial capital Shijiazhuang. It is named for the nearby Zhao County (赵县), which was formerly known as Zhaozhou (赵州).
Construction
The Zhaozhou Bridge is about 50 m long with a central span of about 37 m. It stands 7.3 m tall and has a width of 9 m. The arch covers a circular segment less than a semicircle and has a rise-to-span ratio of approximately 1:5 (7.3 to 37 m). This is considerably smaller than the rise-to-span ratio of 1:2 of a semicircular arch bridge and subjects the abutments of the bridge to large forces.
The central arch is made of 28 thin, curved limestone slabs which are joined with iron dovetails. This allows the arch to adjust to shifts in its supports, and prevents the bridge from collapsing even when a segment of the arch breaks. The bridge has two small side arches on either side of the main arch. These side arches serve two important functions: First, they reduce the total weight of the bridge by about 15.3% or approximately 700 tons, which is vital because of the low rise-to-span ratio and the large forces on the abutments it creates. Second, when the bridge is submerged during a flood, they allow water to pass through, thereby reducing the forces on the structure of the bridge.
Li Chuns innovative spandrel-arch construction, while economising in materials, was also of considerable aesthetic merit. An inscription left on the bridge by Tang officials seventy years after its construction reads:
“ This stone bridge over the Jiao River is the result of the work of the Sui engineer Li Chun. Its construction is indeed unusual, and no-one knows on what principle he made it. But let us observe his marvellous use of stone-work. Its convexity is so smooth, and the wedge-shaped stones fit together so perfectly... How lofty is the flying-arch! How large is the opening, yet without piers!.. Precise indeed are the cross-bondings and joints between the stones, masonry blocks delicately interlocking like mill wheels, or like the walls of wells; a hundred forms (organised into) one. And besides the mortar in the crevices there are slender-waisted iron cramps to bind the stones together. The four small arches inserted, on either side two, break the anger of the roaring floods, and protect the bridge mightily. Such a master-work could never have been achieved if this man had not applied his genius to the building of a work which would last for centuries to come.[2] ”
Later history and reputation
In the next 1400 years, the bridge survived at least eight wars, ten major floods and numerous earthquakes, the nearest of which being the 7.2 degree Xingtai Earthquake in 1966. Yet, the support structure remains intact and the bridge is still in use. Only the ornamental railings have been replaced every few hundred years.
The intriguing design of the bridge has given rise to many legends. According to one legend, the bridge was built by a master architect named Lu Ban in a single night. In another story, the bridge was put to the test by two immortals who crossed it at the same time and Lu Ban saved it by wading into the water and supporting the structure.
Although Ming Dynasty authors compared the bridge to "a new moon rising above the clouds" and "a long rainbow hanging on a mountain waterfall"[2], it later fell into obscurity. When Professor Liang Sicheng (梁思成) of Tsing Hua University rediscovered the bridge on a field exploration of ancient architecture in Hebei province, made detailed measurements, and published a report and drawing ("An Chi Chiao the Great Stone Bridge Chao Hsien, Hobei, Sui Dynasty AD 569-617, Li Chun Master Builder"), it became world famous.
Zhaozhou Bridge was dedicated as an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1991. The Chinese authorities nominated it for incription on the World Heritage List as having "a very important place in the world bridge building history".[2]
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You can tell your friend to google it online--Zhaozhou Bridge.

世界上最早使用课程一词提出来的人是谁

唐朝孔颖
“课程”一词始见于唐宋期间。唐朝孔颖达为《诗经·小雅·巧言 》中“奕奕寝庙，君子作之”句作疏：“维护课程，必君子监之，乃依法制。”但这里课程的含义与我们今天所用之意相去甚远。
宋代朱熹在《朱子全书·论学》中多次提及课程，如“宽着期限，紧着课程”，“小立课程，大作工夫”等。虽然他对这里的“课程”没有明确界定，但含义是很清楚的，即指功课及其进程。这里的“课程”仅仅指学习内容的安排次序和规定，没有涉及教学方面的要求，因此称为“学程”更为准确。
到了近代，由于班级授课制的施行，赫尔巴特学派“五段教学法”的引入，人们开始关注教学的程序及设计，于是课程的含义从“学程”变成了“教程”。
解放以后，由于凯洛夫教育学的影响，到80年代中期以前，“课程”一词很少出现。

扩展资料：
课程是指学校学生所应学习的学科总和及其进程与安排。
课程作用：
（1）教育教学活动的基本依据。
（2）实现学校教育目标的基本保证。
（3）学校一切教学活动的中介。
（4）对学校进行管理与评价提供标准。
（5）教师教和学生学的依据，是师生联系和交往的纽带。
（6）国家检查和监督学校教学工作的依据。
（7）实现教育目的、培养全面发展的人才的保证。
课程即教材：
课程内容在传统上历来被作为要学生习得的知识来对待，重点放在向学生传递
知识这一基点上，而知识的传递是以教材为依据的。所以，课程内容被理所当然地认为是上课所用的教材。这是一种以学科为中心的教育目的观的体现。
教材取向以知识体系为基点，认为课程内容就是学生要学习的知识，而知识的载体就是教材，其代表人物是夸美纽斯。
参考资料：搜狗百科-课程