3. 为了写出一篇精彩的summary，学生们应该避免改述或直接重复原文，一定要用自己的话来写。然而，同学们依然可以使用关键词：倘若原文主题是 aviation，那提到 “aviation”, ” space engineers ” 或 ” aircraft ” 等相关词汇是正常的，可是千万不要拘泥于细节。
4. 有必要的话，可以改变原始作品关键点阐述顺序。例如，有时候论文的主要思想在结论才展开，在这种情况下最好从论文尾开始讲，也就是说，将原文主要观点写在summary的开头里，接下来渐渐提供支持性论据。
5. 需要将原文的第一人称（即 «I»）替换为第三人称（即作者的姓名、”the writer/author” 或 “she/he”）。 在看到作者直接提到第二人称（即«you»）就可以替换为第三人称（即«people» 或«reader»）。
6. 在每篇summary开头里必须提到作者以及文献主题，包括作者姓名、作品名称以及来源。Summary首段也最好展开原文的主要观点。为了保证论述的完整性和连贯性一定要学会使用关联词，下面是关于关联手段用法的信息。
在SUMMARY写作中常用的关联词和句型正如上述所说，summary必须从作者简介和作品主题开始。下面是较常见的句型：
In ” David Copperfield,” Charles Dickens explains …
Charles Dickens, in ” David Copperfield,” explains …
According to Charles Dickens in ” David Copperfield” …
As Charles Dickens vividly illustrates in his great novel ” David Copperfield” …
Charles Dickens claims in his novel ” David Copperfield” that …
同学们需要将原文基本观点以及作者姓名与作品名称写在summary首句中。了解一下下面的例子：
According to John Halt in “School is Bad for Children”, traditional education systems ruin children’s emotional and intellectual development, and suggests various improvements.
Summary其他部分只要归纳原文中的补充信息，也就是说，以简明的方法阐述支持首句的论据与论证。
在第一次提到小说作者的时候，一定需要使用他的姓名。在下文又讲到作者的话，应该用其姓氏，如：
Halt states …
According to Halt’s perspective …
Dickens criticizes…
As Johnson implies in the article about …
In conclusion, Halt elaborates about …
没必要提到作者的学位或称号，例如Dr., Professor, or Mr. and Mrs.，可是有时候可以指明作者的资历深度，这样就可以强调作者在某领域的权威性：
Stanford University professor of medicine Dr. Jay Bhattacharya claims that …
Richard Jordan, a frequent critic of county government, stated at Tuesday evening’s Board of Commissioners meeting that…
此外，同学们不妨插入author tags/作者标签（又称reporting verbs/报告动词），就是引入间接引语的动词，尽可能避免动词的重复。请大家查看一下下面的动词。表格中的author tag可以帮助您调整summary的语调，所以请注意每个动词的含义：
可使用的作者标签
精彩SUMMARY范文以及SUMMARY格式
为了总结上述信息，下面我们提供对一篇短summary范文的分析。
In “Doctors Say Kids Should Lay Off Juice” (HEALTH JOURNAL, 09.08.2004), James Johnson discusses the dangers of giving juice to babies and young children and states that contrary to what many people believe, juice is actually almost as bad for children as Pepsi or Coke. The author explains that juice has a lot of sugar and a lot of calories which makes it easy for children to gain weight. In addition, he presents the latest scientific evidence and proves that juice consumptionis linked with increased insulin resistance and diabetes risk. Johnson suggests that instead, children be taught to drink water and eat fresh fruits most of the time, which have no calories and are absolutely healthy.
该段落符合summary格式要求，包括三个基本部分：介绍句、支撑论据及结论句。
Summary范文中的介绍句就是段落的第一句话：
In “Doctors Say Kids Should Lay Off Juice” (HEALTH JOURNAL, 09.08.2004), James Johnson discusses the dangers of giving juice to babies and young children and states that contrary to what many people believe, juice is actually almost as bad for children as Pepsi or Coke.
看完读者就知道：
原文标题是“Doctors Say Kids Should Lay Off Juice”;在HEALTH JOURNAL杂志中发表;发表日期09.08.2004;作者姓名James Johnson.原文讨论the dangers of giving juice to babies and young children，而且作者指出果汁和百事可乐或可口可乐一样损害小孩的身体健康。值得一提的是，在第一句话作者是第一次被提到的，所以一定要介绍他的姓名。这里也可以看到author tags/作者标签，即discusses与states。
然后本篇summary范文提供原文主旨的支持性论证，解释为什么果汁的摄入对宝宝健康有危害：
The author explains that juice has a lot of sugar and a lot of calories which makes it easy for children to gain weight.
该段落中有没有我们个人态度的表现？该summary的论述风格没有个人评论，没有任何情绪色彩。唯一的作者标签是explains。
结论部分在本summary范文最后的两句。这边有支持性论点和作者对改变小孩饮食习惯的建议：
In addition, he presents the latest scientific evidence and proves that juice consumptionis linked with increased insulin resistance and diabetes risk. Johnson suggests that instead, children be taught to drink water and eat fresh fruits most of the time, which have no calories and are absolutely healthy.
需要注意的是，总结作者论据的时候，需要省略不必要的信息并扼要地列出原文的关键论点。这是第二次我们提到作者的name，所以没有必要写他的全名。本部分两句都有author tags，即presents、proves与suggests。
LEARNING FROM MISTAKES：总结写作中最普遍的错误在学习过程当中犯错误是一种正常的现象，因此在进行summary写作的时候写出太长的句子或者忘记提到作者名字也是普遍的问题。meeloun(www.lxws.net)写出该文章的原因就是让大家意识到一个道理：在犯错误的同时，我们也得到珍贵的经验。下面我们来看一下同学们在写summary的过程中最常遇见的问题：
直接抄袭原文
同学们还记得专家团队推荐您们在阅读原文的时找出每个段落中的主题句吗？然而，许多学生们找到主题句以后根本就没有任何变动，在summary中直接照抄主题句。看完原文并确定主题句子以后，以自己的话进行概括是最关键的要求！同学们如果干脆抄袭原文，教师不免会扣分。
根本没有抄袭！请看人称都不一样了！
有些同学们特别厉害：将原文论证抄袭得一模一样，同时使用作者标签和间接引语，以为这样教师就不会发现，例如：
原文：I think that juice is actually almost as bad for children as Pepsi or Coke, because it has a lot of sugar and a lot of calories which makes it easy for children to gain weight.
同学写出：Johnson thinks that juice is actually almost as bad for children as Pepsi or Coke, because it has a lot of sugar and a lot of calories which makes it easy for children to gain weight.
上列的例子表示学生把第一人称变成第三人称而已，对整文的处理一点都没有。这种summary肯定得不到高分。
掺杂个人意见
正如上述所说，summary主要目的是用自己的话语对文章或文献中心思想进行概括，而不是表示的评价。总结的中性语调经常成为学生们写作过程中的巨大障碍，把自己对原文的看法添加到总结中可能是最常见的错误。下面我们看一下客观和主观summary范文。
大家有没有听过 “Five little monkeys”这首儿歌？如果我们对它进行summary写作，那这种summary格式应该如下：
Five little monkeys were jumping on the bed. One of them fell off and bumped his head. Their mother called the doctor and he said that monkeys should not jump on the bed. But little monkeys didn’t listen to doctor’s advice and all of them got injured. After that doctor suggested that mother should put them to bed.
可是，有些人不喜欢小猴子或者觉得它们太傻，因此可能会写成这样：
Five silly monkeys were jumping on the bed. One of them fell off and bumped his dumb head. Even when the doctor said that they shouldn’t jump on the bed, because it’s dangerous, they were still doing that! Finally, all of them got injured due to their irresponsible actions!
第二种summary范文对小猴子负面的态度太明显。不过，其实原文是给小宝贝唱的歌，根本没有表示对小猴子的反感。这样一来，第二种summary没有正确地表达文字原来的意思。
标点符号遗漏
因为summary是一种概述，我们常常必须将些独立从句写成一条句子。所以，学生们经常忘记加上应对的标点符号或连词，造成连写句的出现，甚至使读者难以理解摘要的内容。
Let’s eat sister!
这是典型的english连写句。一个逗号将完全改变句子的意思：
Let’s eat, sister!
现在不怕姐姐遭受危险！
为了避免陷入标点符号的陷阱，复习一下comma splicing， introductory phrase，coordinating conjunction等语法特点。返回搜狐，查看