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3.3JournalsSustainability 
Sea Level Variability Assessment along the African Coast
Optimal Control Policy of Unreliable Production Systems Generating Greenhouse Gas Emission
Can the UK Deliver Zero Carbon Ready Homes by 2050?
The Carbon Footprint of Spanish University Websites
Life Cycle Assessment of Green Space Irrigation Using Treated Wastewater: A Case Study Journal DescriptionSustainabilitySustainability is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal on environmental, cultural, economic, and social sustainability of human beings, published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Canadian Urban Transit Research & Innovation Consortium (CUTRIC), International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) and Urban Land Institute (ULI) are affiliated with Sustainability and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE and SSCI (Web of Science), GEOBASE, GeoRef, Inspec, AGRIS, RePEc, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Environmental Studies) / CiteScore - Q1 (Geography, Planning and Development)Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a firstdecision is provided to authors approximately 20 days after submission; acceptanceto publication is undertaken in 3.4 days (median values for papers published inthis journal in the first half of 2024).Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Sustainability.Companion journals for Sustainability include: World, Sustainable Chemistry, Conservation, Future Transportation, Architecture, Standards and Merits.Impact Factor: 3.3 (2023);5-Year Impact Factor: 3.6 (2023)subjectImprint Information get_appJournal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2071-1050Latest Articles19 pages,2655 KiB Open AccessArticleA New Approach to Assess Sustainable Corporate Reputation with Citizen Comments Using Machine Learning and Natural Language ProcessingbyFatma Yiğit Açikgöz, Mehmet Kayakuş, Georgiana Moiceanu and Nesrin SönmezSustainability 2024, 16(22), 9610; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229610 (registering DOI) - 5 Nov 2024Abstract This study investigates the assessment of sustainable corporate reputation through citizen comments and how it can be measured by sentiment analysis methods based on machine learning and text mining. The research analyses citizen feedback on municipalities in the field of public services and [...] Read more.This study investigates the assessment of sustainable corporate reputation through citizen comments and how it can be measured by sentiment analysis methods based on machine learning and text mining. The research analyses citizen feedback on municipalities in the field of public services and examines their impact on the social reputation of the services provided by municipalities. Support vector machines, one of the machine learning methods, was used for sentiment analysis. In the study, Google Maps comments of the citizens receiving services from the municipality were used. The results of the sentiment analysis reveal that sustainable corporate reputation is directly related to citizen satisfaction and feedback. In this context, municipalities should continuously receive feedback and make strategic improvements based on citizens’ comments to ensure sustainable service quality. Municipalities are especially appreciated by citizens for their fast, effective, and high-quality services. However, some negative comments focus on issues such as the slowness of services, cleaning problems, and staff attitudes, indicating that certain improvements are needed. This feedback emphasises the need for continuous improvement in service quality.Full article►▼ Show Figures 
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29 pages,1505 KiB Open AccessReviewGreener Production and Application of Slow-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Using Plasma and Nanotechnology: A ReviewbyStewart Kyebogola, Stella Kabiri, Richard Ndemo Onwonga, Onesimus Semalulu, Russell Shelley Yost and Godfrey SseruwuSustainability 2024, 16(22), 9609; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229609 (registering DOI) - 5 Nov 2024Abstract The potential of both plasma and nanotechnology in producing slow-release fertilizer is immense. These technologies, when combined, may offer green and inexpensive nitrogen fertilizers, from rich renewable resources available in local areas. Together, these technologies may overcome some limitations of conventional synthetic fertilizers, [...] Read more.The potential of both plasma and nanotechnology in producing slow-release fertilizer is immense. These technologies, when combined, may offer green and inexpensive nitrogen fertilizers, from rich renewable resources available in local areas. Together, these technologies may overcome some limitations of conventional synthetic fertilizers, which are currently expensive and associated with low nitrogen use efficiency and significant environmental concerns. This review explores the utilization of recent advances in plasma and nanotechnology, which can be leveraged to create new slow-release nitrogen fertilizers. It emphasizes their crucial role in addressing nitrogen depletion and improving crop production. Despite the lack of attempts to develop slow-release nanofertilizers from low-cost liquid nitrate generated by emission-free nonthermal plasma, the effectiveness of plasma nitrate matches that of conventional fertilizer for crop production. We propose a more efficient electrocatalytic conversion of plasma nitrate to ammonium salt, then coating it with plant-based cellulose nanoparticles to create a slow-release form. This set of processes would synchronize nutrient release with the dynamic N requirements of plants. Formulations using agro-based, low-cost cellulose nanomaterials could replace high-cost carrier hydrogels associated with low mechanical strength. This review also highlights the isolation of nanocellulose from various plant materials and its characterization in different formulations of slow-release nanoplasma N fertilizer. Additionally, we discuss mechanisms of N loss, slow-release, and retention in the soil that can contribute to the production and use of efficient, sustainable fertilizers to improve food security and, consequently, the health of our planet.Full article(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)►▼ Show Figures
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15 pages,1755 KiB Open AccessArticleIntricate Supply Chain Demand Forecasting Based on Graph Convolution NetworkbyTianyu Niu, Heng Zhang, Xingyou Yan and Qiang MiaoSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9608; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219608 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract Globalization has contributed to the increasing complexity of supply chain structures. In this regard, precise demand forecasting for the intricate supply chain holds paramount importance in effective supply chain management. Traditional statistical models and deep learning methods often face challenges in efficiently discerning [...] Read more.Globalization has contributed to the increasing complexity of supply chain structures. In this regard, precise demand forecasting for the intricate supply chain holds paramount importance in effective supply chain management. Traditional statistical models and deep learning methods often face challenges in efficiently discerning correlations within a myriad of interconnected demands. To tackle this issue, this paper proposes an intricate supply chain demand forecasting method based on graph convolution networks adept at handling non-Euclidean data. First, the companies within the supply chain are treated as nodes in the graph structure, and the relationships between them are treated as edges, with demand data serving as the features of these edges. Then, a graph convolutional network is constructed to aggregate node and edge information. Through a multi-layer network, the relationships among nodes, edges, and historical demand are established to facilitate the prediction of supply chain demands. In this process, the graph convolutional network incorporates supply chain connectivity information into demand time series analysis. This integration of surface-level topological features and deeper latent correlation attributes across the supply chain’s nodes refines the demand forecasting precision across the entire supply chain. The validation experiment in this paper is grounded in sales data of a singular product from multiple sales nodes of an electronics company. The results demonstrate that the proposed method surpasses four other traditional demand forecasting algorithms significantly in terms of accuracy, providing substantial evidence for the superior performance of graph networks in the analysis of intricate supply chain relationships.Full article►▼ Show Figures
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21 pages,537 KiB Open AccessArticleSustainable Operations of Online and Offline Restaurants: Focusing on Multi-Brand RestaurantsbyByeongmo Kang and Seung Ho YooSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9607; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219607 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract This study investigates the sustainable operations of a multi-brand restaurant that adopts multiple brands in a store, unlike a typical restaurant that operates only a single brand. We introduce five restaurant operation models, including three traditional single-brand ones (offline, online, and multi-channel) and [...] Read more.This study investigates the sustainable operations of a multi-brand restaurant that adopts multiple brands in a store, unlike a typical restaurant that operates only a single brand. We introduce five restaurant operation models, including three traditional single-brand ones (offline, online, and multi-channel) and two recent multi-brand restaurants with a single fixed franchise fee and multiple franchise fees proportional to the number of brands. We then investigate the performance of the models in the changing market and cost environments. Through analytical and numerical analyses, we reveal that adopting a multi-brand restaurant does not always guarantee superior profit performance. Such an adoption is recommended under certain conditions, such as when the potential market base is large, consumers are not very price-sensitive, food and delivery costs are low, an increase in food items does not significantly impact process inefficiency, franchise fees are low, or the relative market power of multiple brands is strong. Otherwise, adopting the traditional single-brand restaurant would guarantee better profit performance. Therefore, for a sustainable multi-brand restaurant adoption, it is important to create a business environment that can lower food prices, and a thorough understanding of the decision dynamics related to the number of brands is required.Full article(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)14 pages,4324 KiB Open AccessArticleMapping Soil Surface Moisture of an Agrophytocenosis via a Neural Network Based on Synchronized Radar and Multispectral Optoelectronic Data of SENTINEL-1,2—Case Study on Test Sites in the Lower Volga RegionbyAnatoly Zeyliger, Konstantin Muzalevskiy, Olga Ermolaeva, Anastasia Grecheneva, Ekaterina Zinchenko and Jasmina GertsSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9606; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219606 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract In this article, the authors developed a novel method for the moisture mapping of the soil surface of agrophytocenosis using a neural network based on synchronized radar and multispectral optoelectronic data from Sentinel-1,2. The significance of this research lies in its potential to [...] Read more.In this article, the authors developed a novel method for the moisture mapping of the soil surface of agrophytocenosis using a neural network based on synchronized radar and multispectral optoelectronic data from Sentinel-1,2. The significance of this research lies in its potential to enhance precision farming practices, which are increasingly vital in addressing global agricultural challenges such as water scarcity and the need for sustainable resource management. To verify the developed method, data from two experimental plots were utilized. These plots were located on irrigated soybean crops, with the first plot situated on the right bank (plot No. 1) and the second on the left bank (plot No. 2) of the lower Volga River. Two experimental soil moisture geodatasets were created through measurements and geo-referencing points using the gravimetric method (for plot No. 1) and the proximal sensing method (for plot No. 2) employing the Soil Moisture Sensor ML3-KIT (THETAKIT, Delta). The soil moisture retrieval algorithm was based on the use of a neural network to predict the reflection coefficient of an electro-magnetic wave from the soil surface, followed by inversion into soil moisture using a dielectric model that takes into account the soil texture. The input parameter of the neural network was the ratio of the microwave radar vegetation index (calculated based on Sentinel-1 data) to the index (calculated based on the data of multispectral optoelectronic channels 8 and 11 of Sentinel-2). The retrieved soil moisture values were compared with in situ measurements, showing a determination coefficient of 0.44–0.65 and a standard deviation of 2.4–4.2% for plot No. 1 and similar metrics for plot No. 2. The conducted research laid the groundwork for developing a new technology for remote sensing of soil moisture content in agrophytocenosis, serving as a crucial component of precision farming systems and agroecology. The integration of this technology promotes sustainable agricultural practices by minimizing water consumption while maximizing crop productivity. This aligns with broader environmental goals of conserving natural resources and reducing agricultural runoff. On a larger scale, data derived from such studies can inform policy decisions related to water resource management, guiding regulations that promote efficient water use in agriculture.Full article(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology on Sustainable Agriculture)►▼ Show Figures
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attachmentSupplementary material:Supplementary File 1(ZIP, 175 KiB)19 pages,1087 KiB Open AccessArticleExamining the Influence of Sustainable Management Accounting on Sustainable Corporate Governance: Empirical EvidencebyAmar Johri, Raj Kumar Singh, Hamad Alhumoudi and Abdullah AlakkasSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9605; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219605 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract This study, with its practical implications, is a valuable resource for organisations. It examines the impact of Sustainable Management Accounting (SMA) practices on the implementation and effectiveness of Sustainable Corporate Governance (SCG) within organisations. It also investigates the various dimensions of SMA and [...] Read more.This study, with its practical implications, is a valuable resource for organisations. It examines the impact of Sustainable Management Accounting (SMA) practices on the implementation and effectiveness of Sustainable Corporate Governance (SCG) within organisations. It also investigates the various dimensions of SMA and explores the mediating roles of the Internal Control System (ICS) in the relationships between SMA and SCG. The empirical data, collected from 512 individuals across India using a purposive sampling technique, represent a diverse cross-section of the population, including shareholders, investors, finance officers, executives, and professionals such as chartered accountants, lawyers, bankers, and company secretaries. The findings of this study are actionable, indicating that SMA has a positive and significant impact on SCG. Furthermore, it was found that SMA is influenced by factors such as the accounting system, reporting method, transparency policy, and stakeholder involvement. Moreover, the results suggest that companies with well-developed sustainable accounting systems have enhanced ICS and corporate governance metrics, which in turn result in improved board oversight and stakeholder engagement. Finally, the outcome of this study not only assists in developing sustainable corporate governance through sustainable accounting management but also contributes to the UN’s sustainable goals through accounting and governance in the corporate culture and approach.Full article(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability, Accounting, and Business Strategies)►▼ Show Figures
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27 pages,486 KiB Open AccessArticleThe Influence of Digital Influencers on Generation Y’s Adoption of Fintech Banking Services in BrazilbyAntónio Cardoso, Manuel Sousa Pereira, Amândio Silva, André Souza, Isabel Oliveira and Jorge FigueiredoSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9604; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219604 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract The consumer profile has undergone evolutions and transformations over the years due to the evolution of new generations of individuals, such as Generation Y. Social media has revolutionized the way in which consumers can search and find information about products in general, which [...] Read more.The consumer profile has undergone evolutions and transformations over the years due to the evolution of new generations of individuals, such as Generation Y. Social media has revolutionized the way in which consumers can search and find information about products in general, which has impacted how brands relate to their consumers. In this context, this study tries to understand how digital influencers are being used to influence Generation Y in the consumption of banking services from fintechs in Brazil via social media platforms. The specific objectives include profiling these consumers, identifying the most relevant influencers, and measuring the impact of influencer marketing. The results pointed to Generation Y’s preference for mobile applications and personal recommendations when making decisions to purchase financial products. Fintechs stood out for the agility and autonomy they offered, as well as for being on the forefront in leading practices, innovations, and product offerings that drive sustainability forward. The study concluded that digital influencers play a crucial role in the awareness phase, but additional factors influence Millennial consumption decisions, highlighting the complexity of the decision process.Full article19 pages,8101 KiB Open AccessArticleVulnerability Comparisons of Various Complex Urban Metro Networks Under Multiple Failure ScenariosbyYangyang MengSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9603; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219603 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract Urban metro networks, characterized by their complex systems of interdependent components, are susceptible to a wide range of operational disturbances and threats. Such disruptions can cascade through the system, leading to service delays, operational inefficiencies, and substantial economic losses. Consequently, assessing and understanding [...] Read more.Urban metro networks, characterized by their complex systems of interdependent components, are susceptible to a wide range of operational disturbances and threats. Such disruptions can cascade through the system, leading to service delays, operational inefficiencies, and substantial economic losses. Consequently, assessing and understanding network vulnerabilities have become crucial to ensuring resilient metro operations. While many studies focus on single-failure scenarios, comparative vulnerability analyses of various urban metro networks under multiple or simultaneous failures remain limited. To address this gap, our study introduces a comprehensive analytical framework comprising three key components: quantitative indices operating at both network and node levels, methodological approaches to assess the importance of network components (nodes, edges, and lines), and systematic protocols for evaluating vulnerabilities across multiple failure scenarios (stations, tunnels, lines, and areas). A comparative analysis of the Shenzhen Metro Network (SZMN) and the Zhengzhou Metro Network (ZZMN) validates the proposed methods. The results indicate that the SZMN demonstrates higher connectivity and accessibility than the ZZMN, despite a lower network density. Both networks are disassortative and heterogeneous, with edges connecting multiline transfer stations showing significantly higher edge betweenness centrality compared to those connecting general stations. In the SZMN, 6.63% of node failures and 4.74% of tunnel failures exceed a vulnerability threshold of 0.03, compared to 13.74% and 11.27% in the ZZMN. Failures across different lines and areas yield varying impacts on network performance and vulnerability. This study provides essential theoretical and practical insights, helping metro safety managers identify vulnerable points and strengthen the sustainable development of urban metro systems.Full article(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vulnerability and Resilience of Transport Systems under Sustainable Transport Development)►▼ Show Figures
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20 pages,1940 KiB Open AccessArticleAssessment of the Recreational Potential of Flooded Quarries in SlovakiabyBarbora Iannaccone, Lucia Domaracká, Dana Tometzová and Ľubomíra GabániováSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9602; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219602 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract This article focuses the assessment of the recreational potential of selected water-filled quarries in Slovakia, specifically the Škrabské, Beňatina, and Kraľovany quarries. Water-filled quarries represent a significant untapped resource that can contribute to the development of various leisure activities while simultaneously supporting local [...] Read more.This article focuses the assessment of the recreational potential of selected water-filled quarries in Slovakia, specifically the Škrabské, Beňatina, and Kraľovany quarries. Water-filled quarries represent a significant untapped resource that can contribute to the development of various leisure activities while simultaneously supporting local communities and environmental conservation. The main challenge of the study is finding a balance between the recreational use of these sites and the need to maintain ecological sustainability, which requires a detailed evaluation of the natural conditions, infrastructure, and accessibility of the individual quarries. The study focuses on a comprehensive assessment of the recreational potential of selected water-filled quarries in Slovakia, specifically the Škrabské, Beňatina, and Kraľovany quarries, using a methodology based on point evaluation according to criteria such as natural beauty, accessibility, existing infrastructure, and ecological status. The results of this study provide an important foundation for further research and decision-making processes in the transformation of water-filled quarries, aiming to maximize their recreational potential while ensuring long-term environmental sustainability.Full article(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development of Ecotourism)►▼ Show Figures
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18 pages,3649 KiB Open AccessArticleDriving Safety and Comfort Enhancement in Urban Underground Interchanges via Driving Simulation and Machine LearningbyQian Liu, Zhen Liu, Bingyan Cui and Chuanhui ZhuSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9601; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219601 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract Urban transportation systems, particularly underground interchanges, present significant challenges for sustainable and resilient urban design due to their complex road geometries and dense traffic signage. These challenges are further compounded by the interaction of diverse road users, which heightens the risk of accidents. [...] Read more.Urban transportation systems, particularly underground interchanges, present significant challenges for sustainable and resilient urban design due to their complex road geometries and dense traffic signage. These challenges are further compounded by the interaction of diverse road users, which heightens the risk of accidents. To enhance both safety and sustainability, this study integrates advanced driving simulation techniques with machine learning models to improve driving safety and comfort in underground interchanges. By utilizing a driving simulator and 3D modeling, real-world conditions were replicated to design key traffic safety features with an emphasis on sustainability and driver well-being. Critical safety parameters, including speed, acceleration, and pedal use, were analyzed alongside comfort metrics such as lateral acceleration and steering torque. The LightGBM machine learning model was used to classify safety and comfort grades with an accuracy of 97.06%. An important ranking identified entrance signage and deceleration zones as having the greatest impact on safety and comfort, while basic road sections were less influential. These findings underscore the importance of considering visual cues, such as markings and wall color, in creating safer and more comfortable underground road systems. This study’s methodology and results offer valuable insights for urban planners and engineers aiming to design transportation systems that are both safe and aligned with sustainable urban mobility objectives.Full article(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Mobility Management and Road Behavior of Vulnerable Users)►▼ Show Figures
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19 pages,884 KiB Open AccessArticleCharting Success: The Influence of Leadership Styles on Driving Sustainable Employee Performance in the Sierra Leonean Banking SectorbyIbrahim Alusine Kebe, Christian Kahl and Yingqi LiuSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9600; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219600 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract Effective leadership sits at the heart of organisational success, especially during periods of change. In the dynamic and highly competitive environment of commercial banks in Sierra Leone, the impact of leadership styles on employee performance is a critical area of investigation. The purpose [...] Read more.Effective leadership sits at the heart of organisational success, especially during periods of change. In the dynamic and highly competitive environment of commercial banks in Sierra Leone, the impact of leadership styles on employee performance is a critical area of investigation. The purpose of this paper is to assess the differential effects of transformational and transactional leadership styles on employee performance during change initiatives within commercial banks in Sierra Leone. The research study utilised a cross-sectional survey design, and data was collected from 903 participants employed in the banking industry. The study used the structural equation model as an investigative instrument to examine the hypotheses. The findings reveal that transformational and transactional leadership styles demonstrate a strong bearing on employee performance, with the latter having a bigger influence. Organisational citizenship behaviour has a mediating effect between leadership styles and employee performance. In contrast, employee commitment does not act as a mediator between transformational leadership and employee performance but does act as a mediator between transactional leadership and employee performance. Commercial banks need to devise training programs that will advance both leadership styles to arouse, energise, or inspire followers to display favourable behaviour and commitment to attain organisational goals. The paper makes an insightful contribution to the existing leadership literature by ascertaining the significance of leadership styles on performance and the role of commitment and organisational citizenship behaviour as mediators of the nexus between leadership styles and performance in the Sierra Leone banking industry.Full article►▼ Show Figures
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37 pages,11068 KiB Open AccessArticleMulti-Objective Optimal Power Flow Analysis Incorporating Renewable Energy Sources and FACTS Devices Using Non-Dominated Sorting Kepler Optimization AlgorithmbyMokhtar Abid, Messaoud Belazzoug, Souhil Mouassa, Abdallah Chanane and Francisco JuradoSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9599; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219599 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract In the rapidly evolving landscape of electrical power systems, optimal power flow (OPF) has become a key factor for efficient energy management, especially with the expanding integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. These elements introduce significant [...] Read more.In the rapidly evolving landscape of electrical power systems, optimal power flow (OPF) has become a key factor for efficient energy management, especially with the expanding integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. These elements introduce significant challenges in managing OPF in power grids. Their inherent variability and complexity demand advanced optimization methods to determine the optimal settings that maintain efficient and stable power system operation. This paper introduces a multi-objective version of the Kepler optimization algorithm (KOA) based on the non-dominated sorting (NS) principle referred to as NSKOA to deal with the optimal power flow (OPF) optimization in the IEEE 57-bus power system. The methodology incorporates RES integration alongside multiple types of FACTS devices. The model offers flexibility in determining the size and optimal location of the static var compensator (SVC) and thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC), considering the associated investment costs. Further enhancements were observed when combining the integration of FACTS devices and RESs to the network, achieving a reduction of 6.49% of power production cost and 1.31% from the total cost when considering their investment cost. Moreover, there is a reduction of 9.05% in real power losses (RPLs) and 69.5% in voltage deviations (TVD), while enhancing the voltage stability index (VSI) by approximately 26.80%. In addition to network performance improvement, emissions are reduced by 22.76%. Through extensive simulations and comparative analyses, the findings illustrate that the proposed approach effectively enhances system performance across a variety of operational conditions. The results underscore the significance of employing advanced techniques in modern power systems enhance overall grid resilience and stability.Full article(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)►▼ Show Figures
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23 pages,1988 KiB Open AccessArticleTransitioning Design-Orienting Scenarios for Food Systems: A Design Contribution to Explore Sustainable Solutions and Steer ActionbyMarta Corubolo and Anna MeroniSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9598; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219598 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract This article explores how design, as a disciplinary field, can play a role in conceiving and supporting transition strategies within complex food systems where multiple actors are involved and sustainability is a priority. The work builds on the methodology of Design-Orienting Scenarios (DOS), [...] Read more.This article explores how design, as a disciplinary field, can play a role in conceiving and supporting transition strategies within complex food systems where multiple actors are involved and sustainability is a priority. The work builds on the methodology of Design-Orienting Scenarios (DOS), which are future-oriented narratives motivated, illustrated, and visualized through specific solutions. DOS are applied here to contribute to the ongoing transformation of the Milano Food System, which is at the intersection of dynamics influencing the activities of its various ‘nodes’—pivotal points in the supply chain. A specific scenario is then co-designed with relevant actors, combining two influencing factors: governance and sustainability strategy. The aim of this scenario is to highlight areas of multi-actor collaboration and spark transformative projects while also defining roles, values, and capabilities. This article further introduces the evolution of DOS into Transitioning Design-Orienting Scenarios (T-DOS), designed to facilitate outcome-oriented transitions. Characterized by a multi-actor and relational perspective, T-DOS engage stakeholders through a structured process, leveraging local challenges, resources, and actors to ensure the relevance and applicability of practical futures. The T-DOS methodology is finally discussed as a tool to guide systemic design-oriented conversations within the food system and, more broadly, within complex systems.Full article(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agri-Food Systems: Environment, Economy, Society and Policy—Series II)►▼ Show Figures
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21 pages,2738 KiB Open AccessArticleStructural and Textural Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash Subjected to Periodic SeasoningbyBarbara Dutka, Simona Rada, Katarzyna Godyń, Dumitrita Moldovan, Ramona Ioana Chelcea and Maciej TramSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9597; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219597 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the structural and textural description of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash that was subjected to a six-month seasoning process. Bottom ash samples, with a particle size fraction of 0.063–0.1 mm, were seasoned in [...] Read more.The objective of this study was to determine the structural and textural description of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash that was subjected to a six-month seasoning process. Bottom ash samples, with a particle size fraction of 0.063–0.1 mm, were seasoned in a closed landfill and collected for laboratory analyses at monthly intervals. The research focused on determining the structural parameters, using methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and the textural parameters, using low-pressure nitrogen adsorption (LPNA) at −196.15 °C. The analyses of the porous structure of the bottom ash samples revealed differences in texture of ASH 1 to ASH 6, specifically in the pore volume (micro- and mesopores), specific surface area, and pore size distribution. Changes in the structural and porous characteristics of the samples were attributed to the duration of the seasoning process. The results of the structural analysis of the bottom ash suggest its application in the concrete industry, potentially enhancing the long-term mechanical strength of concrete. The results of the textural analysis indicate the possible use of MSWI bottom ash in environmental applications, as the internal surface area could be further developed.Full article(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)27 pages,2055 KiB Open AccessArticleLife Cycle Prediction of Airport Operation Based on System DynamicsbyLili Wan, Zhanpeng Shan, Xinyue Jiang, Zhan Wang, Yangyang Lv, Shumeng Xu and Jiahui HuangSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9596; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219596 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract Traditional airport development planning often overlooks an in-depth consideration of the airport operation life cycle, which frequently causes deviations from planned objectives during operation. This paper presents a framework for predicting and segmenting the airport operation life cycle by integrating the dynamic characteristics [...] Read more.Traditional airport development planning often overlooks an in-depth consideration of the airport operation life cycle, which frequently causes deviations from planned objectives during operation. This paper presents a framework for predicting and segmenting the airport operation life cycle by integrating the dynamic characteristics of the System Dynamics (SD) model with the static properties of Logistic modeling to examine the development trajectory of airport operations. The influencing factors in this model are selected across three levels: airport, city, and macro-environment. A system dynamics model of airport operation is constructed using causal loop diagrams and system flow diagrams. Using Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (CAN) as a case study, the airport’s operational capacity from 2005 to 2035 is predicted through SD simulation. Subsequently, the airport operation life cycle from 2005 to 2050 is forecasted and segmented using Logistic modeling. The results indicate that, under the standard scenario, CAN’s operational capacity experiences two declines in 2016 and 2020, attributed to airport construction and emergencies. Logistic modeling identifies three distinct life cycle phases in the airport’s operation. Furthermore, by comparing various airport operation scenarios, the analysis reveals that fluctuations in the city economy significantly impact the airport’s operational system without altering its overall development trajectory. In contrast, the occurrence of emergencies can substantially modify the airport operation life cycle.Full article(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)23 pages,7890 KiB Open AccessArticleSpatiotemporal Variations and Driving Factors of Ecological Sensitivity in the West Qinling Mountains, China, Under the Optimal ScalebyQiqi Zhao, Xuelu Liu, Yingying Wu, Hongyan Liu, Fei Qu, Miaomiao Zhang and Xiaodan LiSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9595; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219595 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract This study selected the five indicators of soil erosion, climate environment, geological hazards, biodiversity, and human disturbances and uses the entropy weight method to calculate the ecological sensitivity of the West Qinling Mountains from 2000 to 2020. The analysis produced a spatiotemporal distribution [...] Read more.This study selected the five indicators of soil erosion, climate environment, geological hazards, biodiversity, and human disturbances and uses the entropy weight method to calculate the ecological sensitivity of the West Qinling Mountains from 2000 to 2020. The analysis produced a spatiotemporal distribution of ecological sensitivity over the 20-year period. An equal step size of 500 m was used to progressively increase the spatial scale from 500 m to 6 km. The optimal scale for the spatial differentiation of ecological sensitivity in the West Qinling Mountains was determined by analyzing the characteristics of changes at different scales, response mechanisms, and optimal parameters for geographical detector spatial scale identification. Based on this scale, the change in intensity and pattern and the influencing factors of ecological sensitivity were analyzed. The results show the following: (1) The 5.5 km spatial scale balances the requirements of accuracy, spatial heterogeneity, and data adequacy, making it the optimal scale for analyzing the spatiotemporal variation patterns of ecological sensitivity in the West Qinling Mountains. (2) From 2000 to 2020, the mean ecological sensitivity in the West Qinling Mountains exhibited a decreasing trend, indicating an improvement in the ecological environment. Spatially, the ecological sensitivity of the West Qinling Mountains showed a spatial distribution pattern of “low in the west and high in the east, low in the south and high in the north”. During the study period, the ecological sensitivity in the West Qinling region remained generally stable, with no high-frequency changes observed. (3) Population density is the primary driving factor of spatial differentiation of ecological sensitivity in the West Qinling Mountains, while GDP serves as a secondary factor. Overall, socioeconomic factors have the most significant impact on ecological sensitivity. (4) Over 75% of the ecological sensitivity trends exhibit patterns of perennial unchanged and fluctuating unchanged trends, with areas of fluctuating increase smaller than areas of fluctuating decrease. Regions of perennial high sensitivity are primarily concentrated in the northeastern part of the West Qinling Mountains, while areas with increased fluctuation in ecological sensitivity are mainly located in the western and southern parts of the West Qinling Mountains. Future efforts should focus on these regions.Full article9 pages,234 KiB Open AccessReviewTen Simple Rules for Incorporating the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into Environmental and Natural Science CoursesbyNargol Ghazian and C. J. LortieSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9594; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219594 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract In 2015, the United Nations (UN) established 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to combat poverty, inequality, and climate change. Recently, integrating these goals into higher education curricula has emerged as essential for fostering positive environmental and civic engagement. Challenges persist, particularly the prioritization [...] Read more.In 2015, the United Nations (UN) established 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to combat poverty, inequality, and climate change. Recently, integrating these goals into higher education curricula has emerged as essential for fostering positive environmental and civic engagement. Challenges persist, particularly the prioritization of social and economic concerns over eco-centered principles and ecopedagogy. Education must emphasize the politics of environmental issues, advocating sustainable practices that benefit both humans and nonhuman species. This article proposes ten simple rules for incorporating the SDGs into undergraduate courses in ecology, evolution, and environmental science. We conducted a literature review, analyzing 940 publications from 2014 to 2024 using ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar. We focused on fields like Green Sustainable Science and Technology and Environmental Education to identify the best practices for integrating SDGs. Our findings link pedagogical successes to the SDGs, facilitating effective educational strategies. For practical sustainability education, students must grasp the interplay between the environment and societal elements such as diversity, justice, and resilience. Connecting course topics to the SDGs offers a powerful framework for teaching undergraduates about complex environmental challenges. Our research highlights a novel approach to embedding SDGs in environmental education, promoting critical thinking and literacy across various settings.Full article(This article belongs to the Section Development Goals towards Sustainability)31 pages,6352 KiB Open AccessArticleDesign Thinking Approach to Create Impact Assessment Tool: Cities2030 Case StudybyElina Mikelsone and Iveta CīruleSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9593; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219593 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract This paper presents the development and testing of an impact assessment tool for the Cities2030 project aimed at transforming city-region food systems to align with the European Union’s Food2030 policy and the European Green Deal. This study highlights the importance of sustainable urban [...] Read more.This paper presents the development and testing of an impact assessment tool for the Cities2030 project aimed at transforming city-region food systems to align with the European Union’s Food2030 policy and the European Green Deal. This study highlights the importance of sustainable urban food systems, focusing on food security, environmental sustainability, and public health. Using a design thinking approach, this research emphasizes co-creation, stakeholder engagement, and iterative refinement, developing a flexible, multi-dimensional framework adaptable to diverse city-region contexts. Through collaboration with 65 stakeholders, this tool was tailored to meet the socio-economic and environmental needs of different regions. Case studies from Cities2030 partner cities demonstrate its effectiveness in fostering cross-sectoral collaboration, enhancing community participation, and driving food system innovations. Key findings reveal measurable impacts across social, environmental, and economic dimensions, while addressing challenges like regional disparities in data collection and the need for improved long-term tracking of sustainability metrics. This study concludes by underscoring the role of adaptive, inclusive strategies in assessing urban food systems’ sustainability and resilience and suggests that the tool’s framework could be applied to other urban sustainability areas, such as energy and water management.Full article►▼ Show Figures
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15 pages,548 KiB Open AccessArticleCorrelation Among Teacher ICT Teaching, Teacher Immediacy Behaviors, Teacher–Student Rapport, and Student Engagement in Smart Classroom TeachingbyGe HouSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9592; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219592 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract With the constant evolution of information and communication technology (ICT), smart classrooms have profoundly influenced Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) by presenting advanced ICT that markedly improved the effectiveness and quality of teaching and learning. Teacher communication technology teaching and immediacy behaviors are [...] Read more.With the constant evolution of information and communication technology (ICT), smart classrooms have profoundly influenced Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) by presenting advanced ICT that markedly improved the effectiveness and quality of teaching and learning. Teacher communication technology teaching and immediacy behaviors are crucial for leading and reforming the teaching and learning process in smart classrooms. Meanwhile, teacher–student rapport and student engagement are also key factors that influence ESD. This study aims to investigate the correlation among teacher ICT teaching, teacher immediacy behaviors, teacher–student rapport and student engagement in smart classroom teaching. We surveyed 1032 Chinese university students using the questionnaire method and analyzed the data using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings revealed that teacher ICT teaching and immediacy behaviors exerted a noteworthy positive impact on student engagement and teacher–student rapport. Meanwhile, teacher ICT teaching markedly positively correlated with verbal immediacy but markedly negatively correlated with nonverbal immediacy. These findings have practical implications for ESD: in smart classrooms, teacher ICT teaching and their immediacy behaviors serve as vital factors in augmenting teaching quality, encouraging student engagement and fostering harmonious teacher–student rapport. Thus, teachers must harness their ICT teaching skills, flexibly assimilate instant behaviors into the teaching process and interact with students in a richer and more diversified manner to effectively augment teaching quality and promote the overall and sustainable growth of students. Furthermore, this study can inform the expansion of smart classrooms, which in the future should not only offer teachers a convenient teaching and learning environment but also evade ICT that limits teacher nonverbal immediacy behaviors.Full article(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)►▼ Show Figures
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20 pages,6184 KiB Open AccessArticleKinetic Modeling of Brilliant Blue Discoloration by OzonationbyAdrian Victor Crisciu, Ligia Stoica, Carolina Constantin, Maria (Tiron) Marcvart, Anamaria Hanganu and Maria Gratiela (Craioveanu) IanosSustainability 2024, 16(21), 9591; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219591 (registering DOI) - 4 Nov 2024Abstract This paper presents the results of investigations on the kinetic modeling of Brilliant Blue FCF (BB) discoloration reactions in aqueous solutions with different ozone concentrations and pH conditions. Kinetic studies involve knowledge of the structure and properties of dye and ozone, as well [...] Read more.This paper presents the results of investigations on the kinetic modeling of Brilliant Blue FCF (BB) discoloration reactions in aqueous solutions with different ozone concentrations and pH conditions. Kinetic studies involve knowledge of the structure and properties of dye and ozone, as well as of the experimental conditions. In general, scientists admit that the predominant oxidation pathway is direct (by free oxygen atoms) or indirect (by free hydroxyl radicals); this will depend on influencing factors such as the physicochemical properties of the dye, the pH of the aqueous solution, ozone concentration, reaction time, and the contact mode with/without stirring. In this experimental research, two pathways were chosen following CBB = f(t)—1. a constant dye concentration and different ozone concentrations, in the concentration range of 100–250 mg/L, in three pH media (acidic, neutral, and basic), with and without stirring; 2. a constant concentration of ozone and different dyes in the concentration range of 2.5–10 mg/L, under the conditions of point 1. With the obtained experimental data, the curves CBB = f(t) were drawn and processed according to the integral method of classical kinetics, based on first- and second-order equations. Unfortunately, this simple procedure did not give any results for the pH values studied. The rate constants were negative, and/or the reaction order depended on the initial conditions. Due to its structure, the BB dye has several chromophore groups, and thus multiple attack centers, resulting in several oxidation by-products, which is why the 1H-NMR spectrum was recorded for the discoloration of BB with ozone. Since the stoichiometry of the overall oxidation reaction, as well as the relationship between the rate constant and the reaction conditions mentioned above, is not known, a kinetic model based on mass transfer coupled with a chain reaction in the bulk liquid phase was proposed and successfully tested at pH = 7. This research approach also involves the consolidation of the theoretical bases of the ozonation process through the kinetic study carried out, as well as the proposal of a kinetic model. These systematics lead to results that are applicable to other aqueous systems that are impure with dyes, allowing for generalizations and the development of the field, ensuring the sustainability of the research.Full article(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Resource Availability and Pollution: Characterization, Future Scenarios and Solutions)►▼ Show Figures
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