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宁波大学2021考研初试真题：211翻译硕士英语

PartI. Vocabulary and Grammar (30 points: 1 × 20 for Section A, and 1 ×10 for Section B).

Section A:There are 20 incompletesentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, Cand D. Choose the ONE answer that bestcompletes the sentence. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

1. He’s color-blind and can’t ________ between redand green easily.

A. determine

B. identify

C. explore

D. distinguish

2. Many tribesbecame ________ when they came into contact with Western illnesses.

A. intact

B. insane

C. extinct

D. exempt

3. He can’t afford the ordinarycomforts of life, ________ luxuries.

A. nothing but

B. anything but

C. not to speak of

D. nothing to speak of

4. They were on their way tothe airport when their van was involved in a ________ with a car.

A. collision

B. collaboration

C. corrosion

D. confrontation

5. It seems an appropriate timeto analyze the effectiveness of the death ________ in reducing the murder ratein the states where it has been applied.

A. plot

B. practice

C. penalty

D. pattern

6. If annual economic growth ofover 6% is ________, a country that not long ago was a byword for poverty cancontemplate reaching middle-income levels in barely a decade.

A. constrained

B. detained

C. remained

D. sustained

7. The tragic death of his onlyson ________ him of all the joys of life.

A. relieved

B. jeopardized

C. deprived

D. eliminated

8. We would support a furthercut in interest rates as a ________ to economic growth.

A. progression

B. prime

C. stability

D. stimulus

9. In the ________ light, it washard to tell what his expression was.

A. mild

B. dim

C. minute

D. slight

10.Like other emergingeconomies, Brazil fought back by ________ taxes and other restrictions onforeign purchases of local securities.

A. impairing

B. imposing

C. invading

D. integrating

11.They said the operation hadbeen successful and they expected the patient to ________.

A. pull out

B. pull through

C. pull up

D. pull over

12.He was obliged to ________when one of his own aides was implicated in a financial scandal.

A. resign

B. reject

C. retreat

D. replace

13.The workers knocked themselvesout to fulfil their production ________ ahead of time.

A. portion

B. quota

C. ratio

D. allocation

14.The police have ________witnesses who may be afraid to come forward that they will be guaranteedanonymity.

A. retrieved

B. released

C. reassured

D. revived

15.If we had been spotted at thatpoint, I don’t know what ________ to us.

A. would have happened B. musthave happened

C. should happenD. musthappen

16．The regulator cautions investors not to placeundue ________ on the forward-looking statements contained in this pressrelease.

A. assurance

B. probability

C. reliance

D. conformity

17.He agreed to speak toreporters ________ he was not identified.

A. in the belief that

B. in order that

C. on the excuse that

D. on condition that

18.There is no ________ evidencethat suggests widespread mail ballots are missing.

A. rigid

B. solid

C. smooth

D. harsh

19.New housing developments are________ all over the state.

A. bringing up

B. building up

C. springing up

D. striking up

20.The company has decided to ________ itsoperations to include overseas markets.

A. stretch

B. multiply

C. expand

D. lengthen

Section B:There is a passage with ten blanks in this section. Youare required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given ina word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully beforemaking your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet. You may not use any of the words in the bank morethan once.

The U. S.Department of Education is making efforts to ensure that all students haveequal access to a quality education. Today it is21the launch of the Excellent Educators for All Initiative. The initiativewill help states and school districts support great educators for the studentswho need them most.

“All children are22to a high-quality education regardless of their race, zipcode or family income. It is23important that we provide teachers and principals the support they needto help students reach their full24” U. S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan said. “Despite theexcellent work and deep25of our nation’s teachers and principals, students in high-poverty, high- minority schools are unfairly treated across ourcountry. We have to do better. Local leaders and educators will26their own creative solutions, but we must work togetherto27our focus on how to better recruit, support and28effective teachers and principals for all students,especially the kids who need them most.”

Today’sannouncement is another important step forward in improving access to a qualityeducation, a29 of PresidentObama’s year of action. Later today, Secretary Duncan will lead a roundtablediscussion with principals and school teachers from across the country aboutthe30of working in high-need schools and how to adoptpromising practices for supporting great educators in these schools.

A. announcing

I. distributing

B. beneficial

J. enhance

C. challenges

K. entitled

D. commitment

L. potential

E. component

M. properly

F. contests

N. qualified

G. critically

O. retain

H. develop

Part II. Reading Comprehension (40 points : 2 × 20)

Directions:There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by somequestions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and write youranswers on the Answer Sheet.

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

When young women were found to make only 82 percent ofwhat their male peers do just one year out of college, many were at a loss toexplain it.

All the traditional reasons put forward to interpret thepay gap—that women fall behind when they leave the workforce to raise kids, forexample, or that they don’t seek asmany management roles— failed to justify this one. These young women didn’t have kids yet. And because they were just one yearremoved from their undergraduate degrees, few of these women yet had the chanceto go after (much less decline) leadership roles.

But there are other reasons why the pay gap remains sopersistent. The first is that no matter how many women may be getting collegedegrees, the university experience is still an unequal one. The second is thatour higher education system is not designed to focus on the economicconsequences of our students’ years on campus.

Now that women are the majority of college students andsurpass men in both the number of undergraduate and advanced degrees awarded,one might think the college campus is a pretty equal place. It is not. Studiesshow that while girls do better than boys in high school, they start to trailoff during their college years. They enroll in different kinds of classes, tendto major in less rigorous subjects, and generally head off withless ambitious plans.

As a result, it’s not surprising that even the best educated young women enter theworkplace with a slight disadvantage. Their college experience leaves themsomewhat confused, still stumbling over the dilemmas their grandmothers’ generation sought to destroy. Are they supposed to bepretty or smart? Strong or sexy? All their lives, today’s young women have been pushed to embrace bothperfection and passion—to pursue science and sports, math and theater—and do itall as well as they possibly can. No wonder they are not negotiating for highersalaries as soon as they get out of school. They are too exhausted, and tooscared of failing.

31. Traditionally, it is believedthat women earn less than men because________.

A. they have failed totake as many rigorous courses

B. they do not feel as fitfor management roles

C. they feel obliged totake care of their kids at home

D. they do not exhibit theneeded leadership qualities

32. What does the author say about America’s higher education system?

A. It does not offerspecific career counseling to women.

B. It does not considerits economic impact on graduates.

C. It does not take careof women students’ special needs.

D. It does not encouragewomen to take rigorous subjects.

33. What does the author say about today’s collegeexperience?

A. It is different formale and female students.

B. It is not the same asthat of earlier generations.

C. It is more exhaustingthan most women expect.

D. It is not so satisfyingto many American students.

34. What does the author say about women students incollege?

A. They have no idea howto bring out their best.

B. They drop a course whenthey find it too rigorous.

C. They are not aspractical as men in choosing courses.

D. They don’t perform as well as they did in high school.

35. How does the author explain the pay gap between men andwomen fresh from college?

A. Women are too worn outto be ambitious.

B. Women are not ready totake management roles.

C. Women are caughtbetween career and family.

D. Women are not good atnegotiating salaries.

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.

At the heart of the debate over illegal immigration lies one key question:are immigrants good or bad for the economy? The American public overwhelminglythinks they’re bad. Yet the consensus among most economists is thatimmigration, both legal and illegal, provides a small net boost to the economy.Immigrants provide cheap labor, lower the prices of everything from farmproduce to new homes, and leave consumers with a little more money in theirpockets. So why is there such a discrepancy between the perception ofimmigrants’ impact on the economy and the reality?

Thereare a number of familiar theories. Some argue that people are anxious and feelthreatened by an inflow of new workers. Others highlight the strain thatundocumented immigrants place on public services, like schools, hospitals, andjails. Still others emphasize the role of race, arguing that foreigners add tothe nation’s fears and insecurities. There’s some truth to all theseexplanations, but they aren’t quite sufficient.

Toget a better understanding of what’s going on; consider the way immigration’simpact is felt. Though its overall effect may be positive, its costs andbenefits are distributed unevenly. David Card, an economist at UC Berkeley,notes that the ones who profit most directly from immigrants’ low-cost laborare businesses and employers – meatpacking plants in Nebraska, for instance, oragricultural businesses in California. Granted, these producers’ savingsprobably translate into lower prices at the grocery store, but how manyconsumers make that mental connection at the checkout counter? As for thedrawbacks of illegal immigration, these, too, are concentrated. Nativelow-skilled workers suffer most from the competition of foreign labor.According to a study by George Boras, a Harvard economist, immigration reducedthe wages of American high-school dropouts by 9% between 1980-2000.

Amonghigh-skilled, better-educated employees, however, opposition was strongest instates with both high numbers of immigrants and relatively generous socialservices. What worried them most, in other words, was the fiscal burden ofimmigration. That conclusion was reinforced by another finding: that theiropposition appeared to soften when that fiscal burden decreased, as occurredwith welfare reform in the 1990s, which curbed immigrants’ access to certainbenefits.

Theirony is that for all the overexcited debate, the net effect of immigration isminimal. Even for those most acutely affected – say, low-skilled workers, orCalifornia residents – the impact isn’t all that dramatic. “The unpleasantvoices have tended to dominate our perceptions,” says Daniel Michener, apolitical science professor at the University of Oregon. “But when all thosefactors are put together and the economists calculate the numbers, it ends upbeing a net positive, but a small one.” Too bad most people don’t realize it.

36. What can we learn from the first paragraph?

A. Whether immigrants are good or bad for the economy has been puzzlingeconomists.

B. The American economy used to thrive on immigration but now it’s adifferent story.

C. The consensus among economists is that immigration should not beencouraged.

D. The general public thinks differently from most economists on theimpact of immigration.

37. In what way does the author think ordinary Americans benefit fromimmigration?

A. They can access all kinds of public services.

B. They can get consumer goods at lower prices.

C. They can mix with people of different cultures.

D. They can avoid doing much of the manual labor.

38. Why do native low-skilledworkers suffer most from illegal immigration?

A. They have greater difficulty getting welfare support.

B. They are more likely to encounter interracial conflicts.

C. They have a harder time getting a job with decent pay.

D. They are no match for illegal immigrants in labor skills.

39.What is the chief concern of nativehigh-skilled, better-educated employees about the inflow of immigrants?

A. It may change the existing social structure.

B. It may pose a threat to their economic status.

C. It may lead to social instability in the country.

D. It may place a great strain on the state budget.

40.What is the irony aboutthe debate over immigration?

A. Even economists can’t reach a consensus about its impact.

B. Those who are opposed to it turn out to benefit most from it.

C. People are making too big a fuss about something of small impact.

D. There is no essential difference between seemingly opposite opinions.

Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.

Consumers are beingconfused and misled by the hodge-podge of environmental claims made by household products, according to a“green labeling” study published by Consumers International Friday.

Among the report’s more outrageous findings-a German fertilizer describeditself as “earthworm friendly” a brand of flour said it was “non-polluting” anda British toilet paper claimed to be “environmentally friendlier”

The study was written andresearched by Britain’s National Consumer Council (NCC) for lobby groupConsumer International. It was funded by the German and Dutch governments andthe European Commission.

“While many good anduseful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuringshoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of productsthey buy,” said Consumers International director Anna Fielder.

The 10-country studysurveyed product packaging in Britain, Western Europe, Scandinavia and theUnited States. It found that products sold in Germany and the United Kingdommade the most environmental claims on average.

The report focused onclaims made by specific products, such asdetergent insect sprays andby some garden products. It did not test the claims, but compared them tolabeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO) inSeptember, 1999.

Researchers documentedclaims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and foundmany too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.

“Many products hadspecially-designed labels to make them seem environmentally friendly, but infact many of these symbols mean nothing,” said report researcher Philip Page.

“Laundry detergents madethe most number of claims with 158. Household cleaners were second with 145separate claims, while paints were third on our list with 73. The high numbersshow how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from themisleading.” he said.

The ISO labeling standardsban vague or misleading claims on product packaging, because terms such as“environmentally friendly” and “non-polluting” cannot be verified. “What we arenow pushing for is to have multinational corporations meet the standards set bythe ISO.” said Page.

41.According to the passage, theNCC found it outrageous that ________.

A. all the products surveyed claim to meet ISO standards

B. the claims made by products are often unclear or deceiving

C. consumers would believe many of the manufactures’ claim

D. few products actually prove to be environment friendly

42.As indicated in this passage,with so many good claims, the consumers ________.

A. are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buy

B. are still not willing to pay more for products with green labeling

C. are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on theenvironment

D. still do not know the exact impact of different products on theenvironment

43.A study was carried out byBritain’s NCC to ________.

A. find out how many claims made by products fail to meet environmentalstandards

B. inform the consumers of the environmental impact of the products theybuy

C. examine claims made by products against ISO standards

D. revise the guidelines set by the International Standards Organization

44.What is one of theconsequences caused by the many claims of household products?

A. They are likely to lead to serious environmental problems.

B. Consumers find it difficult to tell the true from the false.

C. They could arouse widespread anger among consumer.

D. Consumers will be tempted to buy products they don’t need.

45.It can be inferred from thepassage that the lobby group Consumer International wants to ________.

A. make product labeling satisfy ISO requirements

B. see all household products meet environmental standards

C. warn consumers of the danger of so-called green products

D. verify the efforts of non-polluting products

Questions 46 to 50 arebased on the following passage.

Scratchy throats, stuffynoses and body aches all spell misery, but being able to tell if the cause is acold or flu may make adifference in how long the misery lasts.

The American LungAssociation (ALA) has issued new guidelines on combating colds and the flu, andone of the keys is being able to quickly tell the two apart. That’s because theprescription drugs available for the flu need to be taken soon after theillness sets in. As for colds, the sooner a person starts takingover-the-counter remedy, the sooner relief will come.

The common cold and theflu are both caused by viruses. More than 200 viruses can cause cold symptoms,while the flu is caused by three viruses—flu A, B and C. There is no cure foreither illness, but the flu can be prevented by the flu vaccine, which is,for most people, the best way to fight the flu, according to the ALA.

But if the flu doesstrike, quick action can help. Although the flu and common cold have manysimilarities, there are some obvious signs to look for.

Cold symptoms such asstuffy nose, runny nose and scratchy throat typically develop gradually, andadults and teens often do not get a fever. On the other hand, fever is one ofthe characteristic features of the flu for all ages. And in general, flusymptoms including fever and chills, sore throat and body aches come onsuddenly and are more severe than cold symptoms.

The ALA notes that it maybe particularly difficult to tell when infants and preschool age children havethe flu. It advises parents to call the doctor if their small children haveflu-like symptoms.

Both cold and flu symptomscan be eased with over-the-counter medications as well. However, children andteens with a cold or flu should not take aspirin for pain relief because of therisk of Reye syndrome，a rare but serious condition of theliver and central nervous system.

There is, of course, novaccine for the common cold. But frequent hand washing and avoiding closecontact with people who have colds can reduce the likelihood of catching one.

46.According to the author,knowing the cause of the misery will help ________.

A. shorten the duration of the illness

B. the patient buy medicine over the counter

C. the patient obtain cheaper prescription drugs

D. prevent people from catching colds and the flu.

47.We learn from the passage that________.

A. one doesn’t need to take any medicine if he has a cold or the flu

B. aspirin should not be included in over-the-counter medicines for theflu

C. delayed treatment of the flu will harm the liver and central nervoussystem

D. over-the-counter drugs can be taken to ease the misery caused by acold or the flu

48.According to the passage, tocombat the flu effectively, ________.

A. one should identify the virus which causes it

B. one should consult a doctor as soon as possible

C. one should take medicine upon catching the disease

D. one should remain alert when the disease is spreading

49.Which of the followingsymptoms will distinguish the flu from a cold?

A. A stuffy nose.

B. A high temperature.

C. A sore throat.

D. A dry cough.

50.If children have flu-likesymptoms, their parents ________.

A. are advised not to give them aspirin

B. should watch out for signs of Reye syndrome

C. are encouraged to take them to hospital for vaccination

D. shouldprevent them from mixing with people running a fever

Part III. Writing (30 points)

Directions: Based on the informationgiven below, please write an essay of about 600 words on the AnswerSheet. You have 60 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay.

Every industrialrevolution has driven a wave of globalization. The first wave was driven byinnovations such as the steam engine and the industrial weaving machine; thesecond by the assembly line, the car and the plane; and the third by thecomputer and automation. As we enter the fourth wave of globalization, drivenby the digital revolution, there is a renewed debate over whether it is abeneficial force or a destructive force. Supporters of globalization argue thatit has the potential to make this world a better place to live in and solvesome of the deep-seated problems like unemployment and poverty. However,critics of globalization believe that it has made the rich richer while makingthe poor poorer and led to the incursion of communicable diseases, such asHIV/AIDS and COVID-19.

What is your opinion?

Marks will be awarded forcontent, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the aboveinstructions may result in a loss of marks.

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