Part A

Text 1

21.     【答案】[C]  foster a child’s moral development

【解析】根据题干Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help______.内容定位到第一段最后一句This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing. 由最后一句的this指代词，可知原因在第一段的前几句，根据第一句Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. 和第二句Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. 可知内疚不是天生的，而是和一个孩子的道德规范有关，是通过后天学习获得的。因此答案是C 选项 foster a child’s moral development。

22.     【答案】[B]  burdensome

【解析】根据题干According to paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be______.定位到第二段第一句In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. 另外第二句It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. 也进一步解释了第一句。由这两句可知许多人认为内疚是不好的，令人不舒服的，让人感觉沉重，就像是衣服口袋里有石头一样，因此答案为B选项burdensome。

23.     【答案】[D]  an emotion can play opposing roles

【解析】根据题干Vaish hold that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that______.中的关键词Vaish定位到第二段第四句，根据第四句中的adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. 可知这种复兴是更大的认识的一部分，即情绪不是二元情感，在一个情境中有利的情绪，在一个情景中可能是有害的。其中第4句中的revival和题干中的rethinking对应，第四句中的recognition和题干中的awareness对应，因此答案是D 选项 an emotion can play opposing roles。

24.     【答案】[B]  can result from either sympahty or guilt

【解析】根据题干Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _______. 定位到第四段第三句 In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. 根据第三句可知内疚和和同情可能代表了通往合作和分享的不同的路径。可以得出，答案是B 选项can result from either sympahty or guilt。

25.     【答案】[D]  wrongdoings

【解析】根据题干中的关键词transgressions可以定位到第五段第二句Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. 根据第二句中的 feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. 可以看到negative emotions 来源于transgressions. 而negative emotions表示负面情绪是贬义的，因此对比4个选项，可以得出答案是D选项wrongdoings.

Text 2

26.     【答案】[D]  forests may become a potential threat

【解析】根据题干By saying “one of the harder challenges,” the author implies that _______.定位到原文第一段第一句，但是我们发现第一段只提到了one of the harder challenges，而没有给出harder challenges指什么，也就是没有给出本题的答案，因此我们需要看第一句后面的句子。第一句是中心句，后面的句子是对第一句进行阐述，根据后面的句子的阐述，我们可知尽管我们人类依靠森林来吸收大量的二氧化碳，但是我们造成的气候变化将会使我们的森林最终会释放的碳比吸收的碳还要多。也就是D选项所说的森林可能会成为潜在的威胁。因此答案为D选项。

27.     【答案】[D]  lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity

【解析】根据题干 To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,” we may need to _______.定位到原文第二段第二句Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. 其中may require 后面的内容就是题干问的内容。原文说为了使森林成为有价值的长期的碳汇，可能需要减少他们现在吸收碳的能力。浏览选项发现D选项 lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity 降低他们现在的碳吸收能力和原文一致，因此D 选项是正确选项。

28.     【答案】[B]  reduce the density of some of its forests

【解析】根据题干 California’s Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to _______. 定位到原文三段第一句The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest.该句大意为森林碳计划的目的是大力减少小树并在森林的部分地方除掉灌木丛。B选项为减少他的森林的密度，因此B选项是正确选项。

29.     【答案】[A]  To handle the areas in serious danger first

【解析】根据题干 What is essential to California’s plan according to Paragraph 5? 定位到原文第五段第二句  That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought第二句中的 so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought. 含义为：重要的是要优先考虑火灾和干旱风险大的地区，A选项意为首先处理处于有严重危险的地方，因此答案为A选项。

30.     【答案】[C]  supportive

【解析】题干为 The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be described as _______. 原文最后一句 California’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.指出加利福尼亚的计划应该会起到模范作用，由此可知作者对加利福尼亚州计划的态度是支持的。浏览选项可知C选项supportive支持为正确答案。