With his 38 plays, ①54 sonnets and 2 long poems, he has established his giant position in world literature.

他的38部戏剧，①54首十四行诗和2首长诗奠定了他在世界文学中的巨大地位

Shakespeare established himself so well as a playwright that Robert Greene, one of the "University Wits," resentfully declared him to be "an upstart crow. 

莎士比亚在戏剧界的地位是如此稳固，以致于“大学才子”之一的罗伯特·格林愤愤不平地称他为“一个暴发户”。

In ①593 and ①594, he published two narrative poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece, both of which were dedicated to the Earl of Southampton

①593年和①594年，他发表了两首叙事诗，《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》和《卢克蕾斯的》，这两首诗都献给了南安普敦伯爵

by ①597, Shakespeare was so prosperous that he bought the largest house in Stratford, known as New Place

到①597年，莎士比亚生意兴隆，他在斯特拉特福德买了一座最大的房子，被称为“新地方”

The first period of Shakespeare's dramatic career was one of apprenticeship. 

莎士比亚戏剧生涯的第一阶段是学徒期

five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, Titus Andronicus;

五部历史剧:《亨利六世》一二三部，《理查三世》和《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》 

four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love's Labour's Lost. 。四部喜剧:《错误的喜剧》、《维罗纳的两位绅士》、《驯悍记》和《爱情的失败》。

the second period, Shakespeare's style and approach became highly individualized.

在第二阶段，莎士比亚的风格和方法变得高度个性化。

five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V;

五部历史:《理查二世》、《约翰国王》、《亨利四世》一二部、《亨利五世》

six comedies: A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like it, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; 六部喜剧:《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》、《无事生非》、《随你便》、《第十二夜》、《温莎的风流娘儿们》

two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.

还有两个悲剧:罗密欧、朱丽叶和朱利叶斯·凯撒。

third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. 

莎士比亚的第三阶段包括他最伟大的悲剧和他所谓的黑暗喜剧

The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. 

这一时期的悲剧有《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》、《安东尼与克利奥帕特拉》、《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》和《科里奥兰纳斯》

The two comedies are All's Well That Ends Well and Measure for Measure. 

这两部喜剧是《皆大欢喜》和《以牙还牙》

The last period of Shakespeare's work includes his principal romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale and The Tempest;

莎士比亚作品的最后阶段包括他主要的浪漫主义悲喜剧:《伯里克利》、《辛白林》、《冬天的故事》和《暴风雨》;

and his two final plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.

以及他最后两部戏剧《亨利八世》和《两个贵族亲戚》。

Shakespeare's authentic non-dramatic poetry consists of two long narrative poems: Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece, and his sequence of ①54 sonnets.

莎士比亚真正的非戏剧诗歌包括两首长篇叙事诗:《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》和《卢克蕾斯的》，以及他的①54首十四行诗序列

Sonnets：

①-①26 are addressed to a young man, beloved of the poet, of superior beauty and rank but of somewhat questionable morals and constancy

①-①26是写给一位年轻男子的，这位诗人深爱着他，他有着出众的美貌和地位，但在道德和忠诚方面却有些可疑

①27-①52 form a less coherent group. They involve a mistress of the poet, a mysterious "Dark Lady,"

①27-①52的十四行诗构成了一个不那么连贯的一组。他们涉及到诗人的情妇，一个神秘的“黑暗女士”

The final two sonnets are translations or adaptations of some version of a Greek Epigram, and they evidently refer to the hot springs at Bath

后两首十四行诗是某种版本的希腊谚语的翻译或改编，它们显然指的是巴斯的温泉

With three exceptions (99, ①26 and ①54) Shakespeare writes his sonnets in the popular English form, first fully developed by Surrey, of three quatrains and a couplet

除了三个例外(99,①26和①54)，莎士比亚的十四行诗是用流行的英语形式写成的，最初由萨里充分发展，由三个quatrains和一个couplet组成

诗歌特点：

①：The rhetorical organization also follows this structure, though Shakespeare varies it occasionally. 

修辞组织也遵循这种结构，尽管莎士比亚偶尔会改变它

2：The couplet usually ties the sonnet to one of the general themes of the series, leaving the quatrains free to develop the poetic intensity which makes the separate sonnets memorable. 

对联通常将十四行诗与系列的一般主题之一联系起来，让四行诗自由地发展诗意的强度，使单独的十四行诗令人难忘。

Shakespeare's history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity

莎士比亚的历史剧主要是基于这样一个原则:在一个强大而公正的君主统治下，国家统一是必要的

The first and second parts of Henry VI are undoubtedly the most widely read among his history plays

《亨利六世》的上下两部无疑是他的历史剧中被广泛阅读的一部

In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play

在他的浪漫喜剧中，莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情和青春，浪漫的元素被充分发挥出来

The most important play among the comedies is The Merchant of Venice, in which Shakespeare has created tension, ambiguity, a self-conscious and self-delighting artifice that is at once intellectually exciting and emotionally engaging

喜剧中最重要的一部是《威尼斯商人》，在这部戏剧中，莎士比亚创造了紧张、模糊、自我意识和自娱自乐的技巧，在智力上令人兴奋，在情感上引人入胜

The Merchant of Venice：

The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew

传统的戏剧主题是赞美安东尼奥和巴萨尼奥之间的友谊，将鲍西娅理想化为一个美丽、机智和忠诚的女主人公，揭露犹太人的贪欲和残暴

The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness. The play, though a tragedy, is permeated with optimistic spirit. 

成功的浪漫悲剧是《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，讴歌了爱情的忠贞和追求幸福的精神。这出戏虽然是悲剧，却洋溢着乐观的精神。

悲剧特点：

①：Shakespeare's greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common.

莎士比亚最伟大的悲剧是:《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》和《麦克白》

2：Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation

每一本书都刻画了一些高尚的英雄，他们面对生命的不公，陷入困境，他们的命运与整个民族的命运密切相关

3：Each hero has his weakness of nature：

每个英雄都有自己的弱点：

Hamlet：the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; 

哈姆雷特，忧郁的学者王子，面临着行动和思想的两难

Othello： inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; 奥赛罗内心的弱点被外在的邪恶力量利用

the old king Lear ： is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity;

老国王李尔王不愿完全放弃他的权力，使自己遭受背叛和不忠

Macbeth：lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes. 

麦克白对权力的欲望激起了他的野心，并导致他不断犯罪

Hamlet：

①：the first of the great tragedies, is generally regarded as Shakespeare's most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a "blood-and-thunder" thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and death

伟大的悲剧之一，通常被认为是莎士比亚最受欢迎的舞台戏剧，因为它具有“血淋淋”的惊悚和对生命和死亡的哲学探索的特质

2：based on a widespread legend in northern Europe.takes the bare outlines of Revenge Tragedy

基于北欧的传说。以复仇悲剧的轮廓

3：the timeless appeal of this mighty drama lies in its combination of intrigue, emotional conflict and searching philosophic melancholy.

这部伟大的戏剧的永恒的吸引力在于它的阴谋、情感冲突和探索的哲学忧郁的结合。

情节介绍：

The play opens with Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, appearing in a mood of world-weariness occasioned by his father's recent death and by his mother's hasty remarriage with Claudius, his father's brother.While encountering his father's ghost, Hamlet is informed that Claudius has murdered his father and then taken over both his father's throne and widow. Thus, Hamlet is urged by the ghost to seek revenge for his father's "foul and most unnatural murder.

该剧以丹麦王子哈姆雷特开场，他父亲最近去世，母亲与他父亲的弟弟克劳迪斯匆忙再婚，克劳迪斯厌世。在遇到他父亲的鬼魂时，哈姆雷特被告知克劳迪亚斯谋杀了他的父亲，然后接管了他父亲的王位和遗孀。因此，哈姆雷特被鬼魂敦促，为他父亲的“肮脏和最不自然的谋杀”寻求复仇。

哈姆莱特性格特点：

①：But Hamlet has none of the single-minded blood lust of the earlier revengers. It is not because he is incapable of action, but because the cast of his mind is so speculative, so questioning, and so contemplative 

但是哈姆雷特没有早期复仇者那种一心一意的嗜血。这并不是因为他没有行动的能力，而是因为他的思想是如此的思辨，如此的质疑，如此的沉思

2：Trapped in a nightmare world of spying, testing and plotting, Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspended between fact and fiction, language and action

被困在一个充满间谍、测试和阴谋的噩梦世界中，哈姆雷特不得不生活在一个阴影世界里，生活在事实与虚构、语言和行动之间

3：His life is one of constant role-playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger

他的生活就是一个不断的角色扮演，审视行动的本质，却又否认其可能性，因为他太老练了，不会把自己的本性降低到一个传统的舞台复仇者的角色

独白作用：

soliloquy is a natural medium, a necessary release of his anguish; and some of his questioning monologues possess surpassing power and insight. Which have survived centuries of being torn from their context

独白自语是一种自然媒介，是他痛苦的必要释放；他的一些质疑独白拥有超越的力量和洞察力。它们已经经历了几个世纪的历史

The Tempest, an elaborate and fantastic story, is known as the best of his final romances. The characters are rather allegorical and the subject full of suggestion.

《暴风雨》是一部精心制作的奇幻小说，被认为是他最后的爱情小说中最好的一部。人物具有相当的讽喻性，主题充满暗示

a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life and society in his late years. 

是他晚年对人生和社会悲观态度的一个典型代表

对社会现实的批判：

①：Shakespeare is against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money

莎士比亚反对宗教迫害和种族歧视，反对社会不平等和黄金和货币的腐败影响

2：a limit to his sympathy for the downtrodden. the only thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in his dream. 

他对受压迫者的同情是有限的。作为一个人文主义者，他唯一能做的事情就是逃离现实，在梦中寻求安慰。

3：he does not hesitate to describe the cruelty and anti-natural character of the civil wars, but he did not go all the way against the feudal rule.

他毫不犹豫地描述了内战的残酷和反自然的性质，但他并没有完全反对封建统治。

4：he affirms the importance of the feudal system in order to uphold social order

他肯定了封建制度对维护社会秩序的重要性

人物特点：

①：Shakespeare's major characters are individuals representing certain types. Each character has his or her own personalities

莎士比亚的主要人物都是代表特定类型的个体。每个角色都有她自己的个性

2：By applying a psycho-analytical approach, Shakespeare succeeds in exploring the characters inner mind

通过运用心理分析的方法，莎士比亚成功地探索了人物的内心世界

3：The soliloquies in his plays fully reveal the inner conflict of his characters.

他戏剧中的独白充分揭示了人物的内心冲突

莎翁的情节结构：

①：Shakespeare's plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction. 

莎士比亚的戏剧以其娴熟的情节结构而闻名

2：Shakespeare seldom invents his own plots; instead, he borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources. 

莎士比亚很少创作自己的情节;相反，他从一些古老的戏剧或故事书，或从古希腊和罗马的资源中借用它们。

3：he would shorten the time and intensify the story. There are usually several threads running through the play, thus providing the story with suspense and apprehension. 

为了使剧本更加生动紧凑，他会缩短时间，强化故事情节。剧中通常有好几条线索贯穿始终，从而为故事提供悬念和悬念。

莎翁的语言风格：

①：Shakespeare can write skillfully in different poetic forms莎士比亚能熟练地运用不同的诗歌形式写作

2：He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom.

他拥有丰富的词汇和成语

3：He is known to have used ①6,000 different words. His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.

据悉，他使用了①6000个不同的单词。他创造的新词和对旧词的曲解也给读者带来了惊人的影响

选读作品：

Sonnet ①8：

he has a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves. Shakespeare has a faith in the permanence of poetry

他对时间的破坏力和诗歌给他所爱的人带来的永恒之美进行了深刻的思考。莎士比亚相信诗歌的永恒性

The Merchant of Venice

Hamlet

a real revolutionary；a master poet；a great prose writer；fought for freedom；his achievements in literature make him tower over all the other English writers of his time and exert a great influence over later ones. 

一位真正的革命家;一位伟大的诗人;一位伟大的散文家;为自由而战;他在文学方面的成就使他超过了他那个时代的所有其他英国作家，并对后来的作家产生了巨大的影响

Milton's literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the last great poems.

弥尔顿的文学成就可分为三类:早期的诗歌作品，中期的散文小册子和晚期的伟大诗歌。

In his early works, Milton appears as the inheritor of all that was best in Elizabethan literature.

早期的作品中，弥尔顿似乎继承了伊丽莎白时代文学的精华。

 Lycidas (①637) is a typical example：

《利西达斯》(①637)是一个典型的例子:

①：composed for a collection of elegies dedicated to Edward King who was drowned in the Irish Sea；

为一首哀歌集而作，献给在爱尔兰海中淹死的爱德华·金;

2：The poem begins with grief and a feeling of immaturity; then the grief is deepened by the sense of irrecoverable loss in the silencing of a young poet. 

诗以悲伤和不成熟的感觉开始;年轻诗人的沉默所带来的不可挽回的损失加深了这种悲伤。

3： The poem moves from a sad apprehension of death, through regret, to passionate questioning, rage, sorrow and acceptance.The feelings begin in a low key but move on to the large questions of divine justice and human accountability. 

这首诗从一种对死亡的悲伤恐惧，通过遗憾，到充满激情的质疑，愤怒，悲伤和接受。这种感觉一开始很低调，但后来转向了神的正义和人类的责任等大问题。

4：The climax of the poem is the blistering attack on the clergy, i.e. the "shepherds," who are corrupted by self-interest.  

这首诗的高潮是对神职人员的猛烈攻击，也就是“牧羊人”，他们被自身利益所腐化。

Areopagitica (①644) is probably his most memorable prose work. It is a great plea for freedom of the press. Compared with the tough style of the other prose work, it is rather smooth and calm.

《论出版自由》(①644)可能是他最令人难忘的散文作品。这是对新闻自由的强烈呼吁。与其他散文作品的硬朗风格相比，这篇文章相当流畅、沉稳。

Paradise Lost is a long epic divided into ①2 books：

《失乐园》是一部长篇史诗，分为①2卷。

①（主题）：The original story is taken from Genesis 3: ①-24 of the Bible. The theme is the "Fall of Man,"man's disobedience and the loss of Paradise, with its prime cause - Satan

最初的故事取自《圣经》创世纪3:① -24。主题是“人类的堕落”，即人类的不服从和天堂的丧失，以及它的主要原因——撒旦。

2（梗概）：The poem goes on to tell how Satan took revenge by tempting Adam and Eve, the first human beings created by God, to eat fruit form the tree of knowledge against God's instructions. For their disobedience, Adam and Eve were driven out of Paradise. They were sorry for what they had done and prayed to God. In the last book they were given the hope for redemption.

这首诗接着讲述了撒旦如何报复上帝，引诱亚当和夏娃——上帝创造的第一个人类——违背上帝的指示吃智慧树的果子。因为他们的不服从，亚当和夏娃被赶出了天堂。他们为自己的所作所为感到抱歉，并向上帝祈祷。

3（意义）：intending to expose the ways of Satan and to "justify the ways of God to men." At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty lies Milton's fundamental concern with freedom and choice; the freedom to submit to God's prohibition on eating the apple and the choice of disobedience made for love.

意图揭露撒旦的方式，并“证明上帝对人的方式是正确的”。在人类的爱和精神上的责任之间的冲突的中心是弥尔顿对自由和选择的基本关注;服从上帝禁止吃苹果的自由，以及为爱而做出的不服从的选择。

Paradise Regained shows how mankind, in the person of Christ, withstands the tempter and is established once more in the divine favor. Christ's temptation in the wilderness is the theme, and Milton follows the account in the fourth chapter of Matthew's gospel.

复乐园显示了人类如何以基督为化身，抵挡诱惑，并在神的恩典下再次建立。基督在荒野中的试探是主题，弥尔顿在马太福音的第四章中遵循了这一叙述。

Samson Agonistes：

①：Milton again borrows his story from the Bible.

弥尔顿再次借用了圣经中的故事

2：he turns to a more vital and personal theme. The picture of Israel's mighty champion, blind, alone, afflicted by thoughtless enemies but preserving a noble ideal to the end,

他转向了一个更重要、更个人化的主题。以色列伟大的捍卫者，失明，孤独，被鲁莽的敌人所折磨，却始终保持着崇高的理想

3：The poet's aim was to present in English a pure tragedy, with all the passion and restraint which marked the old Greek dramas.

诗人的目的是要用英语表现一种纯粹的悲剧，把古希腊戏剧的全部激情和克制都表现出来

4：The whole poem strongly suggests Milton's passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. In this sense, Samson is Milton.  

整首诗强烈地暗示了弥尔顿热切的渴望，他也能以自己的生命为代价，给敌人带来毁灭。从这个意义上说，参孙就是弥尔顿。