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①Everybody loves a fat pay rise.②Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one.③Indeed,if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged.④Such behaviour is regarded as"all too human”,with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.⑤But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey,as well.

翻译译文：

人人都爱丰厚加薪。然而假如你得知一位同事加薪比你更丰厚，那你的快乐可能会骤然消失。事实上，如果他还有懒散的名声，那你甚至可能会变得震怒。这样的行为被认为是“人之常情”，其潜在假设是其他动物不具有这种高度发达的委屈意识。但由佐治亚州亚特兰大市埃默里大学的萨拉·布鲁斯南和弗兰斯·德·瓦尔完成的一项刚刚发表于《自然》上的研究表明，这也是“猴之常情”。

第二段

①The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys.②They look cute.③They are good-natured, co-operative creatures,and they share their food readily.④Above all,like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

翻译译文：

研究者们研究了雌性棕色卷尾猴的习性。这些猴子看起来很可爱。它们是生性温和，乐于合作的动物，且愿意分享食物最重要的是，像人类女性一样，它们往往比雄性更注重“物品与服务”的价值。

第三段

①Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study.②The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food.③Normally,the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.④However,when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

翻译译文：

这些特征使它们成为布鲁斯南博士和德·瓦尔博士研究的理想对象。研究人员花费了两年的时间教猴子用代币换取食物。通常情况下，猴子很乐意用石块换取黄瓜片。然而，当两只猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的房间里，以便它们能够看到彼此用石块换取的东西时，它们的行为就会变得明显不同了。

第四段

①In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers).②So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber.③And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.④Indeed,the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.

翻译译文：

在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是品(且比黄瓜要受欢迎得多)。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换到一颗葡萄时，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币只换取一片黄瓜了。如果一只猴子根本无需用代币作为交换就得到一颗葡萄，那么另一只猴子就会把代币砸向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上，只要在另一个房间出现了葡萄(根本没有猴子吃它)，就足以引起雌性卷尾猴的愤恨了。

第五段

①The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys,like humans,are guided by social emotions.②In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species.③Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.④Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone.⑤Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.⑥However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

翻译译文：

研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受到社会情感的支配。在野外，它们是协作、群居的物种。只有当每只猴子都感到自己没有遭受不公时，这种协作才可能稳定。义愤感似乎不只是人类的专利。拒绝一份较少的酬劳可以完全将这些情绪十分明确地传达给组内其他成员。但是这种公平感是从卷尾猴和人类身上各自演化而来，还是来源于三千五百万年以前他们共同的祖先，至今仍是个有待回答的问题。

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