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Section I Use of English

The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology” was ____1____ around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be ____2____ to intelligence in animals. ____3____ plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that ____4____ consciousness, researchers previously reported.

But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it ____5____ so greatly from that of animals that so-called ____6____ of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.

Beginning in 2006, some scientists have ____7____ that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, ____8____ “a plant nervous system, ____9____ to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They ____10____ claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.”

This ____11____ makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, ____12____ it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. ____13____, the signaling in a plant is only ____14____ similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz said.

“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold ____15____ of complexity and capacity is required,” he ____16____.” Since plants don’t have nervous systems, the ____17____ that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”

And what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can’t run away from ____18____, so investing energy in a body system which ____19____ a threat and can feel pain would be a very ____20____ evolutionary strategy, according to the article.

1. [A] coined [B] discovered [C] collected [D] issued

2. [A] attributed [B] directed [C] compared [D] confined

3. [A] Unless [B] When [C] Once [D] Though

4. [A] coped with [B] consisted of [C] hinted at [D] extended to

5. [A] suffers [B] benefits [C] develops [D] differs

6. [A] acceptance [B] evidence [C] cultivation [D] creation

7. [A] doubted [B] denied [C] argued [D] requested

8. [A] adapting [B] forming [C] repairing [D] testing

9. [A] analogous [B] essential [C] suitable [D] sensitive

10. [A] just [B] ever [C] still [D] even

11. [A] restriction [B] experiment [C] perspective [D] demand

12. [A] attaching [B] reducing [C] returning [D] exposing

13. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise

14. [A] temporarily [B] literally [C] superficially [D] imaginarily

15. [A] list [B] level [C] label [D] load

16. [A] recalled [B] agreed [C] questioned [D] added

17. [A] chances [B] risks [C] excuses [D] assumptions

18. [A] danger [B] failure [C] warning [D] control

19. [A] represents [B] includes [C] reveals [D] recognizes

20. [A] humble [B] poor [C] practical [D] easy

答案解析：

1. [A] coined

2. [C] compared

3. [D] Though

4. [C] hinted at

5. [D] differs

6. [B] evidence

7. [C] argued

8. [B] forming

9. [A] analogous

10. [D] even

11. [C] perspective

12. [B] reducing

13. [A] However

14. [C] superficially

15. [B] level

16. [D] added

17. [A] chances

18. [A] danger

19. [D] recognizes

20. [B] poor

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