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学术写作中正确使用四种括号

学术写作中有四种常见的括号形式,首先是小括号( ),其次是中括号[ ],再来是大括号{ }和尖括号< >。

小括号(Parentheses)

一般来说,小括号也称为圆括号、括弧,在英语中称为parentheses、round brackets、open brackets或brackets,作用在于从在内文中插入非必要的辅助信息,如下例:

This example (which was written in January) is intended to illustrate the use of parentheses.

这类插入信息能更好的帮助读者理解句意。插入信息被拿掉,通常不应影响句子句意的完整性,如:

This example is intended to illustrate the use of parentheses.

在以上例句中,单单拿掉括号本身,也可得到一个句意完整的句子,如:

This example which was written in January is intended to illustrate the use of parentheses.

不过,在下面这个例子中,单单拿开符号本身会变得很奇怪、不符文法,甚至让人无法理解。

When you use parentheses (parentheses should not be used too often, by the way), do not forget to close them.

以上的括号内提供的是额外的信息,目的在于让读者更轻松的理解文字、澄清讯息,所以不建议移除。

若文章中不想太频繁使用小括号,可以考虑改采用脚注(footnote)来替代。这种情况下,使用小括号的功能会近似于脚注。

小括号有时候可用来例举,以下是此类插入信息的范例:

The Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) used to be part of the Soviet Union.

另外,有时候作者会用括号来加入自己的评论,这时评论单纯是作者的个人意见或反馈,对于内文而言是插入的信息,比如以下:

People who use too many parentheses and footnotes in their texts (I have to admit that I am one of them) are usually perfectionists.

在各类的书写文件中,括号加数字或字母的组合编号也是常用表达法,比如:

Before we reach a conclusion, we have to take into consideration (i) his age, (ii) his CV, and (iii) his reputation.

学术写作中,于某些期刊的

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