2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
命题法则真题精讲，很多老师解释不到的地方，相信同学们在学习完命题法则之后解题正确率大增！
本篇文章中心：人和猴子的一致点：随环境变化，态度会发生变化，而环境变化可以概括为不公平的递增
环境变化 态度变化 猴子环境变化 猴子态度变化
别人没加钱 -- 你很开心 -- 石头换黄瓜 猴子开心
别人加的多 -- 你的快乐消失 石头换葡萄 猴子生气了，不换黄瓜了
别人还懒 -- 你愤怒 白嫖葡萄 猴子气急了，把硬币投向了研究员
Text 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.
[A] posing a contrast
[B] justifying an assumption
[C] making a comparison（C）
[D] explaining a phenomenon
题目类型：主旨题 方法：七字法串段意再做题
A选项和C选项均是作对比，我们回归全文第一段写了人和猴子，写人是为了引出猴子和人的一致性，所以两者对比是没有问题的，此题不用纠结是A还是C，早些年的题目和二十一世纪二十年代之后的命题方法是不一样的，选A或者C的同学都是正确的。
B选项：证明一个假设是对的；这里有两点错误！
第一：通过名词定位找到假设，会发现假设是作者的一个例子，而这个例子是个反例，为了衬托猴子是可以和人一样的，我们需要引出的话题是：猴子也有人一样的愤怒之感，那肯定要在选项中提到人和猴子，而B选项只是一个反例，是为了衬托观点而不是引出话题的，所以完全不着边际！
第二：这个反例含义为：没有动物可以有这种情感，这明显主旨相反，后文就介绍了猴子即有，B选项直接排除。
D选项：解释了一个现象；这里有两点错误！
第一：主旨不全，选项中说的现象即：人随环境变化，态度会变化这一现象。所以D选项只提到了人，没有提到猴子，缺少了文中的主人公。
第二：大家仔细思考解释一词，解释：给出原因，所以很显然，我们最后一段话告诉了大家，原因不明，悬而未决，根本没有给出原因，所以D选项直接排除。
22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph l) implies that ________.
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other if（B）
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions
题目类型：定位题 解题方法：定位圈第一段设置了两道题，可想而知这个猴与人的对比在作者眼里多么的优秀！
转换题干：“猴子也这样”意味着？=猴子与人的共性是什么？
解：随环境变化-态度发生变化=环境变化可以概括为公平性降低=态度随公平性变化
A选项：命题方式：缺成分命题
解析：首先我们已经确定了，选项中必须要出现环境变化以及态度变化，A选项前半部分猴子愤怒是态度变化，那么后半部分如果是环境变化那么就是对的，那么我们考虑一下我们所说的环境变化是什么？是不公平的产生对吧，那么懒惰的竞争对手会产生不公平嘛？显然不会，因为少条件，既懒惰又挣的比你多，才是不公平，只懒惰大家都开心，A直接排除。
B选项：正确选项
解析：resent感情色彩词汇，我们要首先分析是否猴子讨厌不公平，大家跟着想，首先我们知道了，因为不公平的产生，会导致猴子愤怒，那么愤怒即是对环境变化的态度，即：猴子讨厌不公平，所以才会愤怒，所以B选项包括了三点：1 环境变化有 2 猴子态度也有 3 also一词体现了类比人类，提到了人猴一致性的真正原因，此题B选项出的非常好！
C选项：命题方式：缺成分命题
解析：首先我们分析C选项有什么
1 人猴对比是存在的
2 态度变化是存在的，但是文中的态度是愤怒，当然这里也可以推论成嫉妒，不是错误所在
3 环境变化存在嘛？不公平有产生嘛？这么一想迎刃而解，本句没说不公平产生，那么猴子根本不会嫉妒也不会愤怒，他们不会无缘无故的彼此嫉妒！
D选项：命题方式：同意替换换范围
首先我们分析C选项有什么
1 人猴对比不存在，没说人，同时范围错误，人也是有这种情感的，而不是除了猴子都没有；
2 态度变化是存在的（emotion）
3 环境变化是否存在呢？并不存在，根本没提到，所以该选项错误很离谱，直接排除。
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get
[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament（A）
[D] more generous than their male companions
题型分类：定位题 解题技巧：绘制定位圈转换题干：为什么要选母猴子作为研究对象呢？
七字法总结段意：选择母猴子-隐藏原因四点
1.聪明
2.性格：天性善良+合作天性
3.欣然分享食物
4.最重要的：关注商品价值
A选项：为正确答案
文章：他们更加关注商品和服务的价值
选项：权衡他们所得到的东西=说的也是价值
本句话是扩大概念，属于正确同意替换，其次在和C选项二选一的时候仔细注意题干，题干问最有可能是什么，对应文中above all，所以最佳选项为A选项。
B选项：
命题方式：不属于定位圈，推论命题中的推内容
解析：不属于定位圈直接排除
C选项：
命题方式：主旨全面命题
解析：属于定位圈，但是没有A好，直接排除。
D选项：命题方式：同意替换换对象
解析：女性相比于男性好的知识关注商品价值，比男性更不更慷慨可不知道。
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
实验过程：喂猴子
In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
实验结果：猴子和人一样
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers
[B] can be taught to exchange things
[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated（C）
[D] are unhappy when separated from others
题目类型：定位题 解题方法：绘制定位圈转换题干：实验结果是什么？
解：猴子和人一样，随环境变化而态度变化。
A选项：不属于定位圈直接排除
解析：题干问的是研究结果，而选项中出的是实验过程以及实验方法，A选项排除
B选项：不属于定位圈直接排除
解析：题干问的是研究结果，而选项中出的是实验过程以及实验方法，B排除
C选项：正确选项，为实验结果：1.环境：被欺骗 2.态度：不合作
D选项：成分命题条件错误
解析：属于定位圈，为实验结果，但是1.环境：和其他猴子分开 2.态度：不开心；很简单，环境错误，是需要不公平产生才能不开心，和别人分开并不能不开心，D排除。
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
作者观点：不清楚
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.（B）
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
题目类型：细节题 解题方法：命题法则A选项：命题方式：模块命题法，主被动错用
文中：猴子天生就有社会情感
选项：猴子训练可以拥有社会情感 所以A选项排除
B选项：正确选项，与文中最后一句含义相同
C选项：命题方式：扩大范围命题法
解析:共两点错误！
第一：动物范围错误，不是所有动物都可以。
第二：频率副词错误，并没有说猴子的频率，而是所处环境才能导致他们情感的表达！
C选项直接排除
D选项：命题方式：模块命题缺成分
解析：看看说了什么
1. 态度：合作，提到了
2. 环境：仅仅在野外
合作说明是正面态度，所以所处环境应是公平环境，那么想要合作稳定，环境也应该一直公平，那么只需要考虑的是在野外是否会一直公平即可，这么一想直接便错误，野外不一定保证公平，D选项直接排除。