It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations(((与政治、宗教等组织的)联系，从属关系，文章中是指代文章作者所属机构相关信息)) from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline(下降，拒绝(文章取这个意思)) it. Copyright rested with(rest with取决于，在于)  the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

            No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome(帅气的，大量的(这里取这个意思)) profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor(努力,尽力（等于 endeavour)).

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1.handsome（男子）英俊的，帅气的；（女子）端庄健美的；宽敞而美观的，宏伟的；慷慨的，气量大的；（金额）可观的，优厚的；（礼品、奖品）贵重的，值钱的；（胜利）重大的。为什么handsome即可指帅气，又可以指端庄，又可以指大量的呢，还可以指重大成功的重大呢？因为handsome=hand手里+some一些=手里有一些资本=手里有一些资本,比如颜值也是一种资本，金钱也是一种资本，胜利的成就也是一种资本。

2. But it goes further than that.字面意思就是它会比这走得更远，显然这里的“走”，它是有指代的，具体什么指代，你得看下文。一般来说，都是表示意义会走得更远，所以这里翻译：它的意义会比这走得更远。

3.endeavour努力，尽力 记忆法：endeavour=end终结+ea(easy)容易+vour(tour)旅行=终结了人生容易的旅行，现在的路不再那么容易了，所以需要努力和尽力的时刻到了=努力，尽力

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           The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business(bussiness如果上文在说某个公司，那么这里就是公司的意思。如果上文在说某个领域，那么这里就是产业的意思). . In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

            This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing(许可；批准license) agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives(archive文档), where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories(repository 贮藏室,这里指知识的贮藏室或者说知识库). Other models exist that are hybrids(hybrid杂交,混血)  of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

一、文章结构分析