2021考研初试12月26~27日进行，2021考研初试情况(点击查看》》2021考研初试真题及答案解析专题)，第一时间为考生提供考研真题答案及答案解析内容，同时新东方考研教师将为考生提供视频直播解析。直播入口|考研真题答案专区

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row of that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferrarowanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraroanalyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase— in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.

26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to

A. facilitate health care reform.

B. help poor families get better off.

C.improve local education systems.

D. lower deforestation rates.

此题为细节题，题干要求考生寻找CCT计划的目的。由此定位到文章第二段的第二句“designed to ”之后，出现reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty，理解为目的是减少不平等现象以及打破贫穷的循环。由此可知B选项“帮助贫穷家庭变得更好”最合适。答题时，考生可以先观察四个选项，根据回文定位做细节排除。

27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that

A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.

B. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles.

C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.

D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.

此题为例证题。先定位到墨西哥的例子在第四段“The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. ”理解为，先前基于墨西哥的研究分析支持传统观点，也就是指向本段话第一句That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.理解为“这是因为经济增长可能和环境退化相关，与此同时环境保护有时候和加剧贫穷相关”，观点在阐述环境保护和经济发展的关系，因此D选项“经济增长可能导致环境退化”为最佳理解。

28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out

A. its acceptance level of CCTs.

B. its annual rate of poverty alleviation.

C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.

D. the role of its forests in climate change.

此题为细节题。定位到“Ferrarowanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.”Ferraro想要搞清楚是否印度尼西亚的扶贫计划影响了森林砍伐。由此可知C“CCT对于森林减少的关系”为最佳理解。这里的难点是考生需要理解CCTs等价于扶贫计划的概念。

29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that

A. it will benefit other Asian countries.

B. it will reduce regional inequality.

C. it can protect the environment.

D. it can boost grain production.

此题为细节题。定位到最后一段And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.理解为“先不管印尼扶贫计划在其他地方的可转移(transferability)适用性，该研究表明对人民有利的也能有利于避免森林砍伐，光从碳排放角度来看，该计划的功大于过。”由此可知C“它能够保护环境”为正确理解。

30. What is the text centered on?

A. The effects of a program.

B. The debates over a program.

C. The process of a study.

D. The transferability of a study.

此道题为主旨题。全文寻找作者的写作脉络，可知道“But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment.”和“Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.”以及最后一段不断在重复CCT计划项目的作用影响，因此可知A“项目的作用影响”为最佳选项。