Unit 12

Part One

Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as 'all too human', with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services" than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods （and much preferable to cucumbers）. So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber （without an actual monkey to eat it）was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.

The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by

[A] posing a contrast.[B] justifying an assumption.

[C] making a comparison.[D] explaining a phenomenon.

2. The statement "it is all too monkey" （Last line, Paragraph 1）implies that

[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.

[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.

[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.

[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.

3. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are

[A] more inclined to weigh what they get.

[B] attentive to researchers' instructions.

[C] nice in both appearance and temperament.

[D] more generous than their male companions.

4. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys

[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers.

[B] can be taught to exchange things.

[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.

[D] are unhappy when separated from others.

5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions

[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

Unit12 （2005）Part 1

重点词汇：

1.a fat pay rise 涨得很高的工资

2.vanish（消失，不复存在）即van=empty空+ish形容词后缀：倾向于。The wonderful vanished into thin air.美梦化作泡影

3.colleague （同事，同僚） 即col=con共同+leag=leg选+ue→共同被选出的。 David is a colleague of mine.戴维是我的同事［辨］ companion （同伴，共事者）即com一起+pan面包+ion→一起吃面包→谋生的人。 A dog is a faithfull companyion. 狗是忠实的伙伴

4.reputation（名气，名声，名望） 即re再一，重新+put思考+ation。 Live up to one’s reputation.不负盛名

5.slack （懈怠，懒散） ［记：谐音］怪物“史莱克”是“懒散”的。 slack laws 不完善的法律 Bussiness is slack at this season.这一季节生意萧条 The tennis net hung slack.网球的网松悬着

6.outrage （暴行，伤害，激怒） 即out过度+rage动怒→“出离愤怒了”。 An outrage against justice.对正义的严重损害 Members of Parliament were outraged by the news of bomb outrages in the country.国内发生了炸弹暴力事件的消息引起了国会议员的义愤

7.all to human 人所特有的→人性

8.underling （潜在的，含蓄的） There are underlying similarities between all human beings.人与人之间有内在相似之处 The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小说内在的主题很严肃

9.assumption（假定；承担；呈现） The theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions.这一理论是以一系列错误的设想为根据的。 名词：assume

10.grievance（抱怨，不平，怨愤）即griev=heavy沉重+ance。 He extravagantce give him a sense of grievance.他的挥霍使他感到不满

11.capuchin monkey 僧帽猴 一种原产于美洲的卷尾猴（sapajou），头上有类似风帽的一镞头发

12.good-natured （和蔼的，和善的） 又如：mean-natured 情绪性的 sweet-natured 性格温和的

13.tardily （缓慢）形容词：拖拉的。［记：谐音］邋“遢地”是由于“拖拉”造成的。

14.counterPart （对应的人或物） 即counter相反+Part部分＝“对应的部分”→对音的人或物。The Red Cross Society of China and its Icelandic counterPart. 中国红十字会和冰岛红十字会 Canada’s Prime Minister is the counterPart of the U.S. president. 加拿大总理相当于美国总统。参见2000年 Passage 4 。

15.candidate（候选人，求职者）即cand白，发光+id+ate→白色的人→候选人。 Masteral candidate 考研人

16.in exchange for （作为[对…的]交换[或替代]）exchange=ex出+change换→换出

17.token  （象征的东西，代币） Tears are queer tokens of happiness. 眼泪是快乐的一种奇特的表示

18.slice（薄片，切片；一份，部分） a slice of good luck.一份好运 a book to amuse you, not to give you a slice of life. 一本供你消遣的书，并不是告诉你一段实际生活

19.adjoining （毗连的） 即ad向+join加入，结合+ing行为结果。The twins have adjoining rooms. 双胞胎的房间是挨着的

20.chamber（房间，室） the chambers of the heart. 心腔

21.in return for （作为[对…的]交换[报答，回报]） He give her some roses in return for her kindnesss.他送她一些玫瑰以报答她的好意

22.markedly （显著的，明显的） a woman of marked intelligence 聪明过人的女子 Tuition at American universities varies markedly depending on the type of instituation and its endowment. 美国各大学的学费有显著差别，这取决于学校的类别和所得到的捐赠基金

23.luxury （奢侈品，华贵） 即lux光亮→豪华+ury。Luxurious adj.豪华舒适的 luxuryiate v.纵情享受 to luxuryiate in the warm,spring sunshine.尽情享受春日温暖的阳光

24.reluctant（不愿的，勉强的）即re反复+luct=lect拾，捡+ant形容词后缀→应为觉得“不称心”，所以 “反复拾捡”→但最后还是“不情愿的，勉强的”。Suggestion systems can work — don't be reluctant to use them.建议制度是有效的——不要不愿使用它们 She was very reluctant to admit the truth. 她很不情愿地承认了这事实。

25.toss  （扔，抛） He tossed off a few verses of poetry. 他轻而易举地写出了几行诗

26.induce （劝诱，促使） 即in往内+duce=duct引导→“步步为营，诱敌深入”。 What induced you to do such a stupid thing? 是什么促使你作出这等蠢事来的人 One of these pills is guaranteed to induce sleep. 这些药丸只要一粒就能使人安眠

27.resentment （愤恨，怨恨） 即re去掉，相反+sent感觉+ment→负面的感觉→怨恨。He was filled with resentment at the way one has been treated. 他因受到如此对待而满腔怨恨

28.emotions （激情，情绪，情感） The speaker appealed to our emotions rather to our minds. 演讲者激发了我们的情感而不是启发我们的思考

29.righteous（正当的，正直的，公正的） 即right 正确的+eous 。righteous indignation义愤 Don’t adopt that righteous tone of voice! 别用那种一本正经的腔调说话。（贬）

30.indignation （愤慨, 义愤） 即 ：in往里+dig挖+nation民族→挖民族→比挖祖坟还难受→能不愤慨吗？ indignation against a handful of terrorists. 对一小撮恐怖分子的义愤形容词：indignant

31.preserve（保存，保护，保护区） preserve one’s eyesight 保护视力 God preserve us! 上帝保佑我们吧 The fishing in this stretch of river is strictly preserved. 此河段严禁外人捕鱼

32.reward （报酬，奖金；值得） One reward of my job is meeting people. 我在工作中的收获是能认识许多人 As well as the stained glass,the carring on the roof also reward attention.屋顶上的雕刻和彩色玻璃一样值得注意

33.abundantly （丰富地，充裕地） He’s made his views abundantly clear.他已经充分表明自己的观点

34.evolve（逐渐形成，进化） The American constitution was planed;the British constitution evolved.美国宪法是精心制订的，英国宪法是约定俗成的

35.as yet至今为止

36.stem from （源于… 有…造成） a talented art critic stemming from a painter. 出生画家，富有才干的评论家

37.ancestor （祖先，祖宗） 即an=ante前+cest=cess行走，前进+or→走在前面的人→祖先。 His ancestors had come to England as refugess.他的祖先来到英国的时候是难民 [比较记忆] descendant 作“后裔，子孙”解，而作“下降（的）”解，一般拼成descendent

难句分析：

① Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.

逗号之后的介词短语with the underlying assumption…作伴随状语，assumption后免得that引导一个同位语从句，解释前面的名词assumption。

② But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.

本句的主干是a study…suggests that…,其中主语study有两个定语：一个是介词结构by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal…,另一个是which应导的非限定性定语从句；谓语动词suggests后面的that 引导一个宾语从句。

③ However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

本句是一个复合句，开始是when引导的时间状语从句，其中包含so that 应导的目的状语从句，而observe后面又是what应导的宾语从句；最后是主句their behavior becomemarkedly different。

④ And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .

本句是一个复合句，开始是if 引导的条件状语从句，第一个逗号之后的部分是主句：the other either tossed her own token…or refused to…，其中包含两个并列的谓语，tossed 和refused。

本句的难点是找到主句的三个并列谓语，并判断出第二个谓语tossed被省略。

⑤ However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

本句的主语很复杂，由whether…or （是…还是..）结构充当，其中whether…引导一个名词性从句，or…后面也是一个名词性从句，而且这一从句的宾语ancestor后面的that引导一个定语从句，修饰ancestor;谓语由系动词（is）+表语（an unanswered question）构成。As it 是一个插入语，意思是“迄今为止”。注意：本句的主语由两个从句充当。

这种“头重脚轻”的句子在学术文章中很常见，阅读时应该迅速把握主干，进而再理解复杂的主语成分。插入语可先跳过不看。

试题解析：

这篇文章是讲猴子有一种天然的类似于人类的“不患寡而患不均”的公平意识，文章的开始做了一个类比，讲人的公平意识。然后根据这个类比重点谈猴子们的公平意识。理解这篇文章要抓住两个方面：第一，人类和猴子之间都有一种近似的表现，当受到不公正待遇的时候，都有义愤填膺的感觉，如果把握这个逻辑，就是类比的逻辑。第二, 最后两段关于选择的实验的对象以及实验的结果。

1. 【正确答案】[C]

这是一道逻辑关系题，涉及第一段与文章主题之间的逻辑联系。题干问：“在文章开头，作者引入主题的手段是……”。第一段说，人会对不公正待遇感到愤懑，并自以为这是人才有的一种感觉；段末说，研究表明，猴也有这种感觉；下文接着探讨猴对不公正的详细感受。可见，作者通过把猴与人作比较（comparison），来引出文章的主题，所以答案为C。A （contrast对照）则认为，段一在进行对照，猴与人不一样，这显然与第一段的意思不吻合。误选A的考生一方面被“But”误导，将第一段理解反了，另一方面没能区分comparison（强调相同性）和contrast（强调不同）两词的含义不同。

2. 【正确答案】[B]

这是一道句意题 。题干问：“第一段最后一行 ‘it is all too monkey’暗示了……”。本题可以定位在第1自然段，分析该段的逻辑关系，不难发现作者指出了两者的相似之处，认为两者具有相似之处，那么相似之处就是［B］选项“对不公平的怨恨也是猴子的本性”的含义。选项［D］“除了猴子之外其他动物都不会有这种感情”与篇章的思想相矛盾。选项［A］“疏忽的对手也会使猴子大发雷霆”是原文片语信息的断章取义。选项［Ｃ］“像人类一样，猴子往往会互相嫉妒”不是作者谈论的重点，作者谈论的是义愤的情感。

3. 【正确答案】[A]

这是一道细节题，涉及句意的因果逻辑。题干问：“研究选用了雌性卷尾猴，最可能的原因是它们 ……”。第二段末句“pay much closer attention to the value of...（更关注…的价值）”换词后就是“are more inclined to weigh（更会掂量）”，可见答案为［A］ “更倾向于权衡它们所获得的东西”。选项［B］“专心凝听研究者们的指导”，选项［Ｃ］“漂亮且性情温和”，以及选项［D］“比雄性伙伴更大方”，都是原文片语信息的断章取义，或者是原文未提及的信息。

4. 【正确答案】 [C]

这是一道针对事实提问的细节题。题干问：“Dr. Brosnan和Dr. de Waal在他们的研究中最后发现猴子 ……”。如果注意到题干中“eventually”一词的限制,本题就可以定位在第5段而选择［Ｃ］:“如果感到被欺骗就不再合作”。其实，关于群居动物在公平条件下合作的思想在上文第2段第2句就有提及。选项［A］“更喜欢葡萄，而不是黄瓜”与选项［B］“可以教会交换东西”不是研究者的发现，而选项［D］“当与其他卷尾猴分开时感到不高兴”是原文片语信息的断章取义。

5. 【正确答案】 [B]

这是一道推论题 。 题干问：“从最后一段我们可以得出什么推论？”本题直接定位在第5自然段的最后一个句群，选项［B］“人类义愤填膺情感的进化来源不确定”正确。选项［A］不对，因为social emotions是猴子所天生具有的（末段第一句），谈不上develop（培养）。选项［Ｃ］“动物常常像人类那样公开显示出它们的感情”不正确，篇章中没有明显提出这一方面的信息。选项［D］“猴子间的合作只有在野外时才保持稳定”错误，原文强调的是在受到公平对待时保持稳定。

全文翻译：

人人都喜欢大幅加薪，但是当你知道一个同事薪水加得比你还要多的时候，那么加薪带给你的喜悦感就消失的无影无踪了。如果他还以懒散出名的话，你甚至会变得怒不可遏。这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，其潜在的假定其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的不公平意识。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal进行的一项研究表明，它也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。

研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱，性格温顺，合作，乐于分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人们一样，它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”价值。这些特性使它们成为Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年的时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下，猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。

在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黄瓜受欢迎得多）。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上，只要在另一房间里出现了葡萄（不管有没有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。

研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外，它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。不公平而引起的愤怒感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其它成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。