Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word‘amateur’ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community， and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as .
［A］ sociology and chemistry
［B］ physics and psychology
［C］ sociology and psychology
［D］ physics and chemistry
52. We can infer from the passage that .
［A］ there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation
［B］ amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
［C］ professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
［D］ amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate .
［A］ the process of specialization and professionalisation
［B］ the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
［C］ the change of policies in scientific publications
［D］ the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
54. The direct reason for specialization is .
［A］ the development in communication
［B］ the growth of professionalisation
［C］ the expansion of scientific knowledge
［D］ the splitting up of academic societies
核心词汇：
academic［9A kE5demik］a.学院的；学术性的；（academ古希腊哲学家柏拉图及其弟子研究学问的地方+ic形容词后缀→学术的）
accumulate［E5kju:mjuleit］vt.堆积，积累，积聚vi.累积，聚积（ac+cumul堆积+ate→堆积起来→积累）;accumulation（n.积累，堆积）即accumulate+tion
amateur［5AmEtE:］a./n.业余（水平）的（运动员、艺术家等）（amat+eur人→热爱的人→业余爱好者）
comparison［kEm5pArisn］n.比较,对比,比喻,比拟（compar+ison名词后缀）
connotation［9cCnEu5teiFEn］n.含蓄,含义(con+not（e）+ation)，con前缀“一起”，note记录，ation名词后缀，所有东西都被一起记录在其中→含义
constitute［5kCnstitju:t］vt.组成，构成，形成；设立，建立，任命（con 一起 +stitute→放到一起→构成）
crucial［5kru:FiEl, 5kru:FEl］a.至关重要的,决定性的
definition［9defi5niFEn］n.定义,解释;（轮廓影像等的）清晰度;阐明（defin +ition名词后缀→定义）
delay［di5lei］v.耽搁; 延误;推迟; 延期(de不+lay放置→未及时放置好→耽搁)
demonstrate［5demEnstreit］v.论证,证实;演示,说明（de加强+monster+ate动词→加强显示→证明）
distinction［dis5tiNkFEn］n.区别,差别;级别;特性;声望;显赫（distinct+ion名词后缀）
emphasis［5emfEsis］n.加强语气; 强调;（赋予某事物）特殊的意义、 价值或重要性(em加强语气+phas显示+is名词后缀→加强显示→强调)
integrate［5intigreit］v.（使）成为一体,（使）结合在一起(integ完整+ate动词后缀→使结合)
journal［5dVE:nl］n.定期刊物,杂志,日报;日志,日记(journ日期+al形容词后缀→日期，杂志)
logical［5lCdVikEl］a.逻辑的,符合逻辑的(log说话+ic名词后缀→说话的学问+al形容词后缀→合乎逻辑的)
overall［5EuvErC:l］a.全面的,综合的n.（pl.）（套头）工作服
participate［pa:5tisipeit］v.参加, 参与(parti部分，分开+cip进入+ate动词后缀→进入一部分→参加);participation（n.参加；分享）即Parti+cip+ation
primacy［5praimEsi］n.第一或首先的状态; 首席的职责, 重要性(prim第一，主要的+acy名词后缀→重要性)
professional［prE5feFEnl］a.职业的,专门的n.自由职业者,专业人士（profession+al形容词后缀）;professionalisation（n.职业化）即professional+is（e）+ation
psychology［sai5kClEdVi］n.心理,心理学,心理状态（psycho心理+logy名词后缀表示科学，学问→心理学）
publication［pQbli5keiFEn］n.出版物;出版,发行;公布,发表（public公众的+ation名词后缀）
reckon［5rekEn］vi.计算,总计,估计（up） ;猜想;依赖;认为把……看作；视为(reck注意+on表状态或动作的动词后缀 →指望)
referee［refE5ri:］n.裁判员（refer+ee表示人→被提出的人→裁判）
reflect［ri5flekt］v.反射;表达；反映;仔细考虑(re反+flect弯曲返回→反射)
represent［repri5zent］v.描述,表示;代表,代理;阐明,说明（re+present）
response［ris5pCns］n.回答,响应,反应（re回+spons+e名词后缀→承诺回应→回答）
reveal［ri5vi:l］v.展现,显示,揭示,揭露,告诉,泄露（re反+veal→反盖上→不让盖上→揭露）
separate［5sepEreit9 5sepErit］a.分离的,分开的（se分开+par安排+ate动词和形容词后缀→分离）
split［split］v.裂开,劈开;分裂,分离n.分化,分裂,裂口
