Part Three
Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" — the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it"
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM （rapid eye movement）sleep — when most vivid dreams occur — as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system （the "emotional brain"）is especially active, while the prefronted cortex （the center of intellect and reasoning）is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events — until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in a panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feeling. Sleep — or rather dream — on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
11. Researchers have come to believe that dreams
[A] can be modified in their courses[B] are susceptible to emotional changes
[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs
12. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show
[A] it's function in our dreams [B] the mechanism of REM sleep
[C] the relation of dreams to emotions [D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex
13. The Negative feelings generated during the day tend to
[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind[B] develop into happy dreams
[C] persist till the time we fall asleep [D] show up in dreams early at night
14. Cartwright seems to suggest that
[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams
[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control
[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression
[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious
15. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?
[A] Lead your life as usual[B] Seek professional help
[C] Exercise conscious control[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime
Unit12 （2005） Part 3
重点词汇：
1.component（组成部分，部件，元件） =componere,即com全体+ponere放置。 Blade and handle are the component Parts of a knife. 刀身和刀柄是刀的组成部分
2.suspend（暂停，中止；悬挂） suspend Particles of dust.悬浮在空中的尘埃 suspend a football player. 一名球员被暂停比赛 The magazine suspended 杂志暂时停刊
3.Freud 弗洛伊德（1856～1939） 奥地利神经精神病学家，精神分析创始人
4.formulate （构想出，系统地阐述） form=shape,model 形，样。formulate one’s ideas into a theory. 系统地阐述自己的思想使之成为理论 the contract was formulated in difficult legal languagee. 该合同使用深噢的法律术语订立的
5.revolutionary（革命的，重大变革的） 即re+volu=roll,turn 转，滚卷+tion +ary。 Genetic engineering will have revolutionary consequences for markind.遗传工程将对人类产生深远的影响
6.disguise（伪装，掩饰） The Prime Minister couldn’t disguise his anger. 首相怒形于色
7.unconscious （下意识的，无意识的；失去知觉的）即un无+con共同+sic=know知道+ous。 an unconscious slight 无意的冒犯 He lay unconsciouss for some hours.他昏迷了好几个小时
8.neurologist （神经病学家, 神经科医师） neuro-神经。 neural 神经系统的
9.switch （转变，转向） Switch the conversation to a different topic. 改变谈话的话题 He switched his horse to make it go faster.他挥鞭以策马
10.random （随机的，任意的）a random talk 漫谈 draw the winning numbers at random. 任意抽出的中奖数字
11.byproduct （副产品）An increasee in crime is one of the byproducts of unemployment. 犯罪率增加是失业问题造成的恶果[联想记忆] bypass 旁路、小道bywork 副业byname 绰号
12.thermostat（调温器） thermo=of heat 热的
13.regulate（调节；管理，控制）reg=rule统治，控制。The volume of economic activity was regulated by the supply of money. 经济活动范围的大小是受提供资金的多少制约的
14.harness （治理，利用） harness a river 治河 harnesss nuclear energy 利用核能 harnesss indivdual talents to a comm.on end. 把各人的才能用于一个共同的目标
15.occur （出现，发生） Fish occur in most waters. 大多数江河湖海中都有鱼 That sound doesn’t occur in his language. 他讲的语言中没有这个音
16.limbic system （[大脑] 边缘系统）
17.prefrontal cortex （[大脑]前额叶皮层）
18.recur （反复出现，再发生） re+cur跳，发生。 This theme recurs constantly throughout the opera.这一主旋律在该歌剧中不断出现 Thoughts of home and family recurred to the lonely traveler.对家人和亲人的思恋重新浮上孤寂旅人的心头
19.visualize （想象；使形象化） vis=see看。 I cann’t visualize myself ever getting married. 我不能想象我有朝一日能结婚
20.significance（重要性：重要的状态或性质） sign=mark 记号，标记。 Few peoplee realized the significance of the discovery.很少有人意识到这一发现的重要性
21.persistent（持续的，坚持不懈的） 即per从头到尾+sist=stand站立+ent→始终站立着→坚持。 She eventually married the most persistent of her admires. 她终于嫁给了最执著追求她的人
22.nightmare（梦魇，恶梦） 即 night夜+mare鬼。 I have nightmare about falling off a cliff.我做梦梦见从悬崖上摔下来
23.therapist （治疗学家） a psychology therapist 心理治疗专家 [联想记忆] psychotherapy 心理疗法
难句解析：
① A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears, by the late 1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.
本句由分号分为两部分,其中第一部分的主干是Freud formulated his revolutionary theory…,宾语theory后面是一个以that引导的同位语从句，说明theory的内容；在第二部分中，代词them指代的是dreams,破折号后面的部分the random byproducts of the neural-repair work…进一步解释什么是mental noise,work 后面的that引导一个定语从句，修饰work。
② Now researchers suspect that dreams are Part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”.
Suspect后面是that引导的宾语从句；逗号之后的现在分词短语regulating moods…作定语，解释thermostat 的意思，句末的while引导一个时间状语从句。
③ And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better,
say后面是that 引导的一个宾语从句，这个宾语从句比较复杂：诸于是these intensely powerfull mental events,谓语是一个not only…but…连接的并列结构，后面的不定式结构to help us sleep and feel better 作目的状语。
④ Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.
本句开始是主干Most peoplee seem to have more bad dreams early in the night,后面的两个现在分词结构progressing toward… 和 suggesting that… 都做伴随状语；第二个现在分词结构suggesting that …后面接一个that引导的宾语从句，其中过去分词结构generated during the day 作后置定语，修饰前面的feelings。
⑤ Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.
本句是一个复合句，表示因果关系，开始是Because引导的原因状语从句 Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life,接着是主句；破折号后面的until引导一个时间状语从句，其中it appears 是插入语。
⑥ At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of “we wake u in a panic,” Cartwright says.
句首的At the end of the day 是时间状语，接着是主句there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all，后面的unless 引导条件状语从句，其中包含两个以or连接的并列分句。
在英语中，如果要表示一句话或一个观点是某个人说的，这个说话的人通常出现在句子中间或者句子的末尾。
试题解析：
这是一篇心理学体裁的文章，选自 Newsweek，讲的是梦与情绪的关系问题。文章开篇就说梦的原理以及梦是可以控制的，然后讲梦与情感的关系，结尾再次强调梦是可以控制的。文章有三个关键词，分别是梦；睡眠和控制；情感意识。
11. 【正确答案】 [A]
这是一道细节题。题干问：“研究者观念转变了，认为梦 ……”。注意到题干的要求和含义,本题定位在第1段段末。归纳该部分可知研究者现在认为梦是可以控制的。其实全文的第1句就已暗示了这一思想，第4、5自然段都谈论如何控制梦的问题。因此选项［A］“梦的进程能够加以改变” 正确，是原文话题信息的同义转述。选项［B］“易受感情变化的影响”也许是过去研究者的观点，而且不是本篇文章强调的重点。选项［Ｃ］“反映我们内心深出的渴望与恐惧”同样是过去的观点。选项［D］“是神经修复的随意产生的结果”也是过去的观点。
12. 【正确答案】 [C]
本题涉及原文的准确理解和选项的仔细推敲。题干问：“谈到大脑的边缘系统，作者是想说明 ……”。本题目考察考生的主次辨别能力以及论据与论点的关系。作者在第2自然段段末谈到了大脑的边缘系统，目的是为了说明上下文中出现的“梦与情感的关系问题”，注意“emotions”为整篇文章重要的话题重复概念。选项［Ｃ］ 正确。选项［A］“它在我们梦中的功能”的“function”一词不对，文章不是为了说limbic system在梦中的功能；选项［B］“浅睡眠机制” 不是作者的目的。选项［D］“它与前额皮层的不同” 也不对，文章无意说两者之间的区别。
13 【正确答案】[D]
这是一道细节题，察句群的归纳能力。问题“白天产生的负面情感往往……”中的feelings将答案锁定在末段，依据末段首句可知，答案为选项［D］“刚入睡时在梦中显现出来”。选项［A］“在我们的潜意识中恶化”的“aggravate”与原文信息相反。选项［B］“发展成高兴的梦”是文章的只言片语；选项［Ｃ］“持续到我们入睡” 意思不对，因为消极情感会在梦里出现，而不是睡觉前就没了。
14. 【正确答案】 [D]
题干问：“卡特赖特似乎在说明 ……”。依据第三段前两句，Cartwright暗示了选项［D］“做梦也许不完全属于潜意识” 这样的观点，故为正确答案。选项［A］“及时醒过来对摆脱噩梦是很重要的”是原文信息的扭曲表述，原文强调的是努力使自己苏醒。选项［B］“想象噩梦帮助我们控制噩梦”是原文片语信息的断章取义。选项［Ｃ］“应该听任梦的自然发展”是研究者对偶尔做噩梦人的建议。
15. 【正确答案】 [A]
这是一道细节题，，问Cartwright认为：“sometimes”做梦的人该怎么做？依据末段首句“除非梦让你睡不着，否则别在意它”，这话的意思换个说法就是［A］“有时做梦的人应正常生活” ，故正确。选项［B］“寻求专业人士的帮助”与选项［Ｃ］“进行有意识的控制”是对那些常做噩梦的人的建议。选项［D］“在白天避免焦虑”是原文的断章取义。。
全文翻译：
在高质量睡眠的所有因素中，梦似乎是最无法控制的一个。在梦中，窗户通向的世界里，逻辑暂时失去了效用，死人开口说话。一个世纪前，弗洛伊德阐述了革命性的理论，即梦是人们潜意识中欲望和恐惧经伪装后的预示；到了20世纪70年代末期，神经病学家们转而认为梦是“精神噪音”，即睡眠时进行的神经修复活动的一种杂乱的副产品。目前，研究人员猜想梦是大脑情感自动调节系统的组成部分，当大脑处于“掉线”状态时对情绪进行规整。一名主要的权威人士说，梦这种异常强烈的精神活动不仅能被驾驭，事实上还可以有意识地加以控制，以帮助我们更好地睡眠和感觉。芝加哥医疗中心心里学系主任 Rosalind Cartwright说“梦是你自己的，如果你不喜欢，就改变它。”
大脑造影的证据支持了以上观点。匹兹堡大学的埃里克博士说，在出现清晰梦境的快速动眼睡眠中大脑和完全清醒时一样活跃。但并非大脑的所有部分都一样，脑边缘系统（“情绪大脑”）异常活跃，而前额皮层（思维和推理的中心地带）则相对平静大。斯坦福睡眠研究员William Dement博士说：“我们从梦中醒来，或者高兴或者沮丧，这些情绪会伴随我们一整天。”
梦和情绪之间的联系在Cartwright的诊所的病人身上显露出来了。多数人似乎在晚上入睡的较早阶段做